Fossil Mammalia in Algeria 379 Living Species common to Europe and Africa 379 Evidence of Soundings 380-382 The Glaciers of Lebanon 382 Glaciers of Anatolia 383-386 ” of the Atlas Mountains 386 ” probably produced by elevation above the Sea 387-389 Mediterranean Coast-line comparatively modern 389 Changes of Level in the Sahara 390 CHAPTER XI. THE EUROPEAN CLIMATE IN THE PLEISTOCENE AGE. Evidence of the Mammalia as to Climate 392 Southern Group of Animals 393-395 Northern Group 395-397 Probable cause of Association of Northern and Southern Groups 397, 398 The Temperate Group 399 Species common to Cold and Tropical Climates 400 Extinct Species 400 Two Periods of Glaciation in Britain 401-403 Three Climatal Changes on the Continent 403 Europe invaded by Pleistocene Animals before the Glacial Period 404-406 Mammalia lived in Europe during the second Glacial Period 406 The Glacial Period does not separate one Life-era from another 407 Bone-caves inhabited before and after the Glacial Period 408 Relation of Palæolithic Man to Glacial Period 409 Age of Contents of Caves in Glacial Districts 410 CHAPTER XII. CONCLUSION. Classification of Pleistocene Strata by the Mammalia 412-414 Late Pleistocene Division 414 Middle Pleistocene Division 415-417 Early Pleistocene Mammalia 417-420 The Pleiocene Mammalia 420-423 Summary of Characteristic Pleistocene and Pleiocene Species 423, 424 Antiquity of Man in Europe 424-426 Man lived in India in the Pleistocene Age 426-428 Are the Palæolithic Aborigines of India related to those of Europe? 428 Palæolithic Man in Palestine 429 Conclusion 430 APPENDIX I. ON THE INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF CAVE-HUNTING.