II. Expedition of Baron de Bougainville--Stay at Pondicherry--The "White Town" and the "Black Town"--"Right-hand" and "Left-hand"-- Malacca--Singapore and its prosperity--Stay at Manilla--Touron Bay--The monkeys and the people--The marble rocks of Faifoh-- Cochin-Chinese diplomacy--The Anambas--The Sultan of Madura--The straits of Madura and Allas--Cloates and the Triad Islands-- Tasmania--Botany Bay and New South Wales--Santiago and Valparaiso--Return _via_ Cape Horn--Expedition of Dumont d'Urville in the _Astrolabe_--The Peak of Teneriffe--Australia--Stay at New Zealand--Tonga-Tabu--Skirmishes--New Britain and New Guinea--First news of the fate of La Perouse--Vanikoro and its inhabitants--Stay at Guam--Amboyna and Menado--Results of the expedition . . . . . . 274 CHAPTER III. POLAR EXPEDITIONS. Bellinghausen, yet another Russian Explorer--Discovery of the islands of Traversay, Peter I., and Alexander I.--The Whaler, Weddell--The Southern Orkneys--New Shetland--The people of Tierra del Fuego--John Biscoe and the districts of Enderby and Graham-- Charles Wilkes and the Antarctic Continent--Captain Balleny-- Dumont d'Urville's expedition in the _Astrolabe_ and the _Zelee_-- Coupvent Desbois and the Peak of Teneriffe--The Straits of Magellan--A new post-office shut in by ice--Louis Philippe's Land--Across Oceania--Adelie and Clarie Lands--New Guinea and Torres Strait--Return to France--James Clark Rosset--Victoria . . . 321 II. THE NORTH POLE. Anjou and Wrangell--The "polynia"--John Ross's first expedition-- Baffin's Bay closed--Edward Parry's discoveries on his first voyage--The survey of Hudson's Bay, and the discovery of Fury and Hecla Straits--Parry's third voyage--Fourth voyage--On the ice in sledges in the open sea--Franklin's first trip--Incredible sufferings of the explorers--Second expedition--John Ross--Four winters amongst the ice--Dease and Simpson's expedition . . . . . . 358 THE GREAT EXPLORERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. [Illustration: PART I.] CHAPTER I. THE DAWN OF A CENTURY OF DISCOVERY. Slackness of discovery during the struggles of the Republic and Empire--Seetzen's voyages in Syria and Palestine--Hauran and the circumnavigation of the Dead Sea--Decapolis--Journey in Arabia-- Burckhardt in Syria--Expeditions in Nubia upon the two branches of the Nile--Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina--The English in India--Webb at the Source of the Ganges--Narrative of a journey in the Punjab--Christie and Pottinger in Scinde--The same explorers cross Beluchistan into Persia--Elphinstone in Afghanistan--Persia according to Gardane, A. Dupre, Morier, Macdonald-Kinneir, Price, and Ouseley--Guldenstaedt and Klaproth in the Caucasus--Lewis and Clarke in the Rocky Mountains-- Raffles in Sumatra and Java. A sensible diminution in geographical discovery marks the close of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries.