Ceremonies of the Pomo IndiansBarrett, S. A. (Samuel Alfred)
Religion
Ceremonies of the Pomo Indians
Barrett, S. A. (Samuel Alfred)
Pomo Indians -- Social life and customs; Pomo dance
Fire-eating was restricted, as above stated, to the ash-devils, and,
while sometimes practiced during intermissions in the regular ghost
dance, it was usually held as a separate ceremony in the evening and
was preceded by a short dance.
The dress of the ash-devils consisted of a coat of paint and a very
simple headdress.[20] In addition, however, they carried special
ceremonial staffs called tōa bīla´t (E), kasa´ūsaūa (E),
and kasa´Isala (E). To one end of this ceremonial staff was fixed the
head of a crane. Grass was used to stuff the neck part, bits of abalone
(_Haliotis_) shell made the eyes, and bluejay feathers were made into a
topknot. It was permissible to use wands of slightly different forms,
but all were crooked in some way, and the crane-headed staff was the
recognized variety.
When this special ceremony commenced, the ash-devils became supreme
and took precedence over everybody. A guard was posted at the foot of
the side post to the east of the door, and no one was permitted to
leave the dance-house after the ceremony had begun except upon payment
of a certain sum of what was termed upon this occasion "bead money"
(cata´ne (E)). As a matter of fact, two or three stems of rush, from
four to six feet in length, were bound together and were given to the
guard as payment. He took this "money" and hung it on the wall near
the drum, after having danced a few quick steps upon the drum with it
in his hands. These rushes were legal tender during this ceremony; and
if the dancers asked a favor of any one else in the dance-house they
paid him for the service in this same legal tender. Their authority was
especially shown by their use of the crane-head wands, which no one
else was permitted to touch. They could be handled only after a long
fast involving complete abstinence from water and from meat or grease
in any form.
As soon as the ash-devils entered the dance-house absolute silence
fell upon all. Except the ash-devils, no one, not excepting the head
captain, was permitted to speak during the ceremony. The rule was that
the ash-devils themselves must consult one another in low tones.
Immediately upon entering the dance-house the main group of ash-devils
took up a position at the foot of the center pole and, in case some one
of the spectators did not almost immediately start a song for their
dance, they might jump into the fire and begin to throw brands and live
coals about among the spectators. This drastic action quickly called
forth a protest, and some one volunteered to sing.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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