Altai, the great Siberian mountain chain, 146; probable cradle of the Turanian race, 147. Altaic, another name for the Turanian or Yellow Race, 147. Amarpal, also Sin-Muballit, king of Babylon, perhaps Amraphel, King of Shinar, 226. Amorite, the, a tribe of Canaan, 133. Amraphel, see Amarpal. Ana, or Zi-ana--"Heaven," or "Spirit of Heaven," p. 154. Anatu, goddess, mother of Ishtar, smites Eabani with death and Izdubar with leprosy, 310. Anthropomorphism, meaning of the word, 355; definition and causes of, 355-357. Anu, first god of the first Babylonian Triad, same as Ana, 240; one of the "twelve great gods," 246. Anunnaki, minor spirits of earth, 154, 250. Anunit (the Moon), wife of Shamash, 245. Apsu (the Abyss), 264. Arali, or Arallu, the Land of the Dead, 157; its connection with the Sacred Mountain, 276. Arallu, see Arali. Aram, a son of Shem, eponymous ancestor of the Aramaeans in Gen. x., 131. Arabs, their conquest and prosperous rule in Mesopotamia, 5; Baghdad, their capital, 5; nomads in Mesopotamia, 8; their superstitious horror of the ruins and sculptures, 11; they take the gigantic head for Nimrod, 22-24; their strange ideas about the colossal winged bulls and lions and their destination, 24-25; their habit of plundering ancient tombs at Warka, 86; their conquests and high culture in Asia and Africa, 118. Arbela, city of Assyria, built in hilly region, 50. Architecture, Chaldean, created by local conditions, 37-39; Assyrian, borrowed from Chaldea, 50. Areph-Kasdim, see Arphaxad, meaning of the word, 200. Arphaxad, eldest son of Shem, 200. Arphakshad, see Arphaxad. Asshur, a son of Shem, eponymous ancestor of the Assyrians in Genesis x., 131. Asshurbanipal, King of Assyria, his Library, 100-112; conquers Elam, destroys Shushan, and restores the statue of the goddess Nana to Erech, 194-195. Asshur-nazir-pal, King of Assyria, size of hall in his palace at Calah (Nimrud), 63. Assyria, the same as Upper Mesopotamia, 7; rise of, 228. Astrology, meaning of the word, 106; a corruption of astronomy, 234; the special study of priests, ib. Astronomy, the ancient Chaldeans' proficiency in, 230; fascination of, 231; conducive to religious speculation, 232; degenerates into astrology, 234; the god Nebo, the patron of, 242. B. Babbar, see Ud. Babel, same as Babylon, 237. Bab-el-Mandeb, Straits of, 189. Bab-ilu, Semitic name of Babylon; meaning of the name, 225, 249. Babylonia, a part of Lower Mesopotamia, 7; excessive flatness of, 9; later name for "Shumir and Accad" and for "Chaldea," 237.