Baghdad, capital of the Arabs' empire in Mesopotamia, 5; its decay, 6. Bassorah, see Busrah. Bedouins, robber tribes of, 8; distinctively a nomadic people, 116-118. Bel, third god of the first Babylonian Triad, 239; meaning of the name, 240; one of the "twelve great gods," 246; his battle with Tiamat, 288-290. Belit, the wife of Bel, the feminine principle of nature, 244-245; one of the "twelve great gods," 246. Bel-Maruduk, see Marduk. Berosus, Babylonian priest; his History of Chaldea, 128; his version of the legend of Oannes, 184-185; his account of the Chaldean Cosmogony, 260-261, 267; his account of the great tower and the confusion of tongues, 292-293; his account of the Deluge, 299-301. Birs-Nimrud or Birs-i-Nimrud, see Borsippa. Books, not always of paper, 93; stones and bricks used as books, 97; walls and rocks, ib., 97-99. Borsippa (Mound of Birs-Nimrud), its peculiar shape, 47; Nebuchadnezzar's inscription found at, 72; identified with the Tower of Babel, 293. Botta begins excavations at Koyunjik, 14; his disappointment, 15; his great discovery at Khorsabad, 15-16. Bricks, how men came to make, 39; sun-dried or raw, and kiln-dried or baked, 40; ancient bricks from the ruins used for modern constructions; trade with ancient bricks at Hillah, 42. British Museum, Rich's collection presented to, 14. Busrah, or Bassorah, bulls and lions shipped to, down the Tigris, 52. Byblos, ancient writing material, 94. C. Ca-Dimirra (or Ka-Dimirra), second name of Babylon; meaning of the name, 216, 249. Cain, his crime, banishment, and posterity, 129. Calah, or Kalah, one of the Assyrian capitals, the Larissa of Xenophon, 3. Calendar, Chaldean, 230, 318-321, 325. Canaan, son of Ham, eponymous ancestor of many nations, 134. Canaanites, migrations of, 190. Cement, various qualities of, 44. Chaldea, the same as Lower Mesopotamia, 7; alluvial formation of, 37-38; its extraordinary abundance in cemeteries, 78; a nursery of nations, 198; more often called by the ancients "Babylonia," 237. Chaldeans, in the sense of "wise men of the East," astrologer, magician, soothsayer,--a separate class of the priesthood, 254-255. Charm against evil spells, 162. Cherub, Cherubim, see Kirubu. China, possibly mentioned in Isaiah, 136, note. Chinese speak a monosyllabic language, 137; their genius and its limitations, 138, 139; oldest national religion of, 180, 181; their "docenal" and "sexagesimal" system of counting, 230-231. Chronology, vagueness of ancient, 193-194; extravagant figures of, 196-197; difficulty of establishing, 211-212. Chthon, meaning of the word, 272.