I. WHAT HAS AWAKENED CHINA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II. WHAT CHINA MEANS TO THE WORLD . . . . . . . . . . 20 III. ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 IV. FOREIGN RELATIONS OF CHINA . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 V. CHINESE CIVILISATION--ITS WEAK SIDE . . . . . . . 56 VI. CHINESE CIVILISATION--ITS GOOD SIDE . . . . . . . 70 VII. RAILWAYS AND RIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 VIII. THE CITIES OF CHINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 IX. OPIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 X. THE WOMEN'S QUESTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 XI. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 RELIGIONS OF CHINA AND THE MISSIONARY XII. RELIGIONS IN CHINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 XIII. CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY AND WESTERN CULTURE . . . . . 163 XIV. INTERVIEW AT NANKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 XV. ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS IN CHINA . . . . . . . . . 183 XVI. OTHER MISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 XVII. THE EFFECT OF WESTERN LITERATURE IN CHINA . . . . 207 XVIII. MEDICAL MISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 XIX. MOVEMENT IN KOREA AND MANCHURIA . . . . . . . . . 232 XX. THE FUTURE OF CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA . . . . . . . 242 THE NEW AND THE OLD LEARNING XXI. EDUCATION, CHIEFLY MISSIONARY . . . . . . . . . . 253 XXII. GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . 266 XXIII. THE SAME IN PRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 XXIV. DIFFICULTIES IN THE WAY OF EDUCATION . . . . . . . 293 XXV. THE NEED OF A UNIVERSITY EXPLAINED . . . . . . . . 305 XXVI. THE NEED OF A UNIVERSITY EXPLAINED (continued) . . 317 XXVII. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 APPENDIX WILL RUSSIA BE REPRESENTED ON THE MISSION FIELD? . . . . . 329 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 {3} CHINA IN TRANSITION CHAPTER I WHAT HAS AWAKENED CHINA? For centuries China has been the land that never moved. It had a political history full of wars and bloodshed, of intrigue and murder; periods of prosperity and enlightenment; periods of darkness and desolation; but the country remained essentially the same country. There might be some small alteration in its customs, but China was distinctly unprogressive. And everybody who knew China ten or fifteen years ago was prepared to prophesy that it would continue to remain unprogressive.