CHARACTERS AND EVENTS OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CÆSAR TO NERO THE LOWELL LECTURES OF 1908 BY GUGLIELMO FERRERO, LITT.D. AUTHOR OF "THE GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF ROME," ETC. TRANSLATED BY FRANCES LANCE FERRERO [Illustration] The Chautauqua Press CHAUTAUQUA, NEW YORK [Copyright deleted] By G.P. Putnam's Sons Fifth Printing The Chautauqua Print Shop Chautauqua, N.Y. PREFACE In the spring of 1906, the Collège de France invited me to deliver, during November of that year, a course of lectures on Roman history. I accepted, giving a résumé, in eight lectures, of the history of the government of Augustus from the end of the civil wars to his death; that is, a résumé of the matter contained in the fourth and fifth volumes of the English edition of my work, _The Greatness and Decline of Rome_. Following these lectures came a request from M. Emilio Mitre, Editor of the chief newspaper of the Argentine Republic, the _Nacion_, and one from the _Academia Brazileira de Lettras_ of Rio de Janeiro, to deliver a course of lectures in the Argentine and Brazilian capitals. I gave to the South American course a more general character than that delivered in Paris, introducing arguments which would interest a public having a less specialized knowledge of history than the public I had addressed in Paris. When President Roosevelt did me the honour to invite me to visit the United States and Prof. Abbott Lawrence Lowell asked me to deliver a course at the Lowell Institute in Boston, I selected material from the two previous courses of lectures, moulding it into the group that was given in Boston in November-December, 1908. These lectures were later read at Columbia University in New York, and at the University of Chicago in Chicago. Certain of them were delivered elsewhere--before the American Philosophical Society and at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, at Harvard University in Cambridge, and at Cornell University in Ithaca. Such is the record of the book now presented to the public at large. It is a work necessarily made up of detached studies, which, however, are bound together by a central, unifying thought; so that the reading of them may prove useful and pleasant even to those who have already read my _Greatness and Decline of Rome_.