[31] Further work has not verified some of these statements. There can be no question that a great deal of rock in the Alps is much older than even the Trias. The apparent superposition of crystalline schists to rocks with fossils is due to over-folding or over-thrust faulting--_i.e._ the schists are the older rocks. Though the Secondary rocks of the Alps have undergone, in places, some modification and mineral changes, these are very different from the metamorphism of those crystalline schists which have a stratified origin. [32] Now "University College," London, having been incorporated by Royal Charter under that title in November, 1836. [33] _Ut suprà_, p. 258. [34] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. pp. 269-271. [35] When he left the publisher had not decided whether it should be issued at once or kept back till October. [36] D'Aubuisson, as time has shown, foresaw a real danger. The neglect of, if not contempt for, mineralogy, which became conspicuous between the years 1840 and 1870, or thereabouts, seriously impeded the progress of geology, at any rate in England. [37] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 276. [38] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 283. [39] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 296. [40] Subsequent experience has shown that, while the above observations are beyond all question in the case of ordinary sedimentary rocks, structures curiously resembling lamination and ripple-mark may be produced in certain gneisses and crystalline schists by other causes. Still, in many schists, they have originated in the way suggested by Lyell, and indicate that the rock formerly was deposited by water. [41] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 303. [42] _Ut suprà_, p. 305. [43] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 313. [44] The Rev. W. D. Conybeare, afterwards Dean of Llandaff, an eminent geologist, rather senior to Lyell. [45] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 316. [46] It was formerly conceded by the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin that a Master of Arts in any one could assume, under certain conditions, the same position in the others. This carried with it some privileges, though not the suffrage and the full rights of the degree. Lyell had proceeded to the degree of M.A. at Oxford in 1821. [47] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 318. [48] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 328. [49] _Ut suprà_, p. 329. By the end of October it had not only ceased to grow, but also had been nearly washed away by the sea. Now its position is marked by a shoal. [50] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 331. [51] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 342. [52] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 347. [53] Life, Letters, and Journals, vol. i. p. 358. [54] Lyell resigned the Professorship after he had finished the course. CHAPTER V. THE HISTORY AND PLACE IN SCIENCE OF THE "PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY."