extenuemus invidiam; si verum tamen volumus, illud civile bellum fuit. Quippe cum populus Romanus Etruscos, Latinos. Sabinosque miscuerit, et unum ex omnibus sanguinem ducat, corpus fecit ex membris, et ex omnibus unus est. _Nec minore flagitio socii intra Italiam, quam intra urbem cives rebellabant._" (Ibid., Lib. III. c. 18.) * * * * * _No triumph, thanksgiving, or holiday for a conqueror in Civil War._--Valerius Maximus, in his chapter on _Triumphs_, shows how the victories of civil war were regarded in Rome. "Although," he says, "any one should perform illustrious and highly useful acts to the Republic in civil war, he was not on this account hailed as Imperator; nor were any _thanksgivings_ decreed; nor did he enjoy a _triumph_ or _oration_: because, _howsoever necessary these victories might be, they were always regarded as mournful_, inasmuch as they were obtained, not by _foreign_, but by _domestic_ blood. Therefore Nasica and Opimius _sorrowfully_ slew, the one the faction of Tiberius Gracchus, and the other that of Caius Gracchus. Quintus Catulus, after overthrowing his colleague, Marcus Lepidus, with all his seditious forces, returned to the city, _showing only a moderated joy_. Even Caius Antonius, the conqueror of Catiline, made his soldiers wipe their swords before taking them back to the camp. Lucius Cinna and Caius Marius, after eagerly draining the blood of citizens, _did not proceed immediately to the temples and altars of the gods_. So, too, Lucius Sulla, who waged many civil wars, and whose successes were most cruel and insolent, at his triumph, on the establishment of his power, carried in his procession the representations of many Greek and Asiatic cities, _but of no town occupied by Roman citizens_. It were grievous and wearisome to dwell longer on the wounds of the Republic. _The Senate never gave the laurel to any one, nor did any one ever desire that it should be given to himself, while a part of the state was in tears._" These last words deserve to be repeated in the original text: "Lauream nec Senatus cuiquam dedit, nec quisquam sibi dari desideravit, civitatis parte lacrimante." (Valerius Maximus, Lib. II. c. 8, § 7.) Florus, at the close of his chapter on the War with Sertorius, says, that the victorious leaders wished this to be regarded as a _foreign_ rather than a _civil_ war, _in order that they might triumph_: "Victores duces _externum_ id magis quam _civile_ bellum videri voluerunt, _ut triumpharent_." (Epit. Rerum Rom., Lib. III. c. 22.) Cæsar did not triumph over Pompey, although at a later day he shocked his fellow-citizens by a triumph over the sons of that leader. "_All the world_," says Plutarch, in his Life of Cæsar, "_condemned his triumphing in the calamities of