his country, and rejoicing in things which nothing could excuse, either before the gods or men, but extreme necessity._ And it was the more obvious to condemn it, because, before this, he had never sent any messenger or letter to acquaint the public with any victory he had gained in the civil wars, _but was rather ashamed of such advantages_." (Lives, tr. Langhorne, Vol. IV. p. 387.) A similar judgment of contests and battles _between citizens_ appears in other writers. Appian, speaking of Caius Gracchus, says, that "all averted their countenances from him, as _a man polluted with the blood of a citizen_." (De Bellis Civilibus, Lib. I. c. 25.) The same author, in describing the triumphs of Cæsar on his return from Africa, says, that "he took care that there should be no triumphal inscription of his victories over Romans, his fellow-citizens, _as both unbecoming himself, and shameful and of evil omen to the Roman people_." (Ibid., Lib. II. c. 101.) We may follow this sentiment in the History of Dion Cassius. After describing the victory over Catiline, he says, "The victors themselves greatly bewailed the loss to the Commonwealth of such and so many men, citizens and allies, _although justly slain_." (Hist. Rom., Lib. XXXVII. c. 40.) Thus the _justice_ of the war did not make it a source of glory. Dion says, that Pompey, after his success over Cæsar at Dyrrachium, "did not speak of it boastfully, _nor did he wreathe his fasces with laurel, feeling a repugnance to doing anything of this sort on account of a victory over citizens_." (Ibid., Lib. XLI. c. 52.) The manner in which he refers to Cæsar's conduct, also, after the battle of Pharsalia, is in harmony with that of the other classical writers. "Cæsar," he says, "sent no announcement of it to the people, _being unwilling to appear to rejoice publicly over such a victory_; wherefore he did not celebrate any triumph on account of it." (Ibid., Lib. XLII. c. 18.) But he pursued a different course with regard to his victory over the _foreigner_ Pharnaces, which he announced in that famous epigrammatic epistle, "_Veni, vidi, vici._" Dion says, "Cæsar was prouder of this than of any other of his victories, although it was not very splendid." (Ibid., Lib. XLII. c. 48.) The same historian alludes to his triumph over the sons of Pompey, "having conquered no _foreign enemy_, but destroyed so large a number of _citizens_." (Ibid., Lib. XLIII. c. 42.) Crowns and public thanksgivings were decreed to Octavius Cæsar, after his victories over Antony; "but," says Dion, "they did not expressly name Antony, and the other Romans conquered with him, either at first or then, _as though it were right to celebrate festivities over them_." (Ibid., Lib. LI. c. 19.)