Chaucer and His TimesHadow, Grace E. (Grace Eleanor)
History
Chaucer and His Times
Hadow, Grace E. (Grace Eleanor)
Chaucer, Geoffrey, -1400; England -- Civilization -- 1066-1485; Poets, English -- Middle English, 1100-1500 -- Biography
Another striking change in the second version is the omission of certain
too explicit lines in which the poet had dared to set forth the duties of
kings towards their subjects. Part of this wise advice still remains, but
evidently Chaucer found it dangerous to call Richard's attention to the
necessity for hearing his people's petitions and complaints, and the later
version contents itself with a more general statement that kings should
... nat be lyk tiraunts of Lumbardye
That han no reward but at tirannye.
It is also noteworthy that several words which appear in their older form
in the first version are modernised in the second (_e. g._ in the first
line _sythes_ becomes _tymes_), so that it is possible to see the language
in actual process of development.
Chaucer's last and greatest work, the _Canterbury Tales_, was begun in
1386--though as has been shown, certain isolated tales, or rough sketches
for tales, were already in existence--and the composition continued till
1389, when it--like so many of his other poems--was left unfinished. A
number of fugitive pieces and lyrics also date from about this time, as
does the prose _Treatise on the Astrolabe_ written for his little son,
Lewis.
The popularity of Chaucer's poetry is shown not only by repeated
references to him as master and teacher, made by his immediate successors,
but by the entire Chaucer apocrypha which soon sprang into being. Some
genuine works of his--such as the _Book of the Lion_ (this very probably
was no more than a translation of Machault's _Le Dit du Lion_), have been
lost, but to make up for this a number of poems have been attributed to
him, some of which were not written until years after his death. Subjoined
is a list of the more important of these, with the names of the real
authors in cases where scholars have succeeded in tracing them.
_The Testament of Love._ Thomas Usk (_d._ 1386).
_La Belle Dame sans Merci._ Sir R. Ros (fifteenth century).
_The Cuckoo and the Nightingale_ (sometimes called _The Book of Cupid
God of Love_). Sir Thomas Clanvowe.
_The Flower and the Leaf_; _The Assembly of Ladies_. Considered by
some scholars to be the work of the same hand. Both purport to be
written by a woman.
_The Court of Love._
_The Second Merchant's Tale_, or _The Tale of Beryn_ (containing a
preliminary account of the Pardoner's adventures in Canterbury).
_The Complaint of the Black Knight._ Lydgate.
_The Tale of Gamelyn._ This poem is included among the MSS. of the
_Canterbury Tales_. Professor Ten Brink suggests that Chaucer may
have intended to work it up into the Yeoman's tale.
_The Letter of Cupid._ Occleve.
CHAPTER III
CHAUCER'S TREATMENT OF HIS SOURCES
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