Transcriber’s Notes: Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. CHEMICAL WARFARE _McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc._ PUBLISHERS OF BOOKS FOR Coal Age ▼ Electric Railway Journal Electrical World ▼ Engineering News-Record American Machinist ▼ Ingeniería Internacional Engineering & Mining Journal ▼ Power Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering Electrical Merchandising [Illustration] CHEMICAL WARFARE BY AMOS A. FRIES _Brigadier General, C. W. S., U. S. A. Chief, Chemical Warfare Service_ AND CLARENCE J. WEST _Major, C. W. S. Reserve Corps, U. S. A. National Research Council_ FIRST EDITION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. NEW YORK: 370 SEVENTH AVENUE LONDON: 6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C. 4 1921 COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY THE MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. PREFACE Shortly after the signing of the Armistice, it was realized that the story of Chemical Warfare should be written, partly because of its historical value, and partly because of the future needs of a textbook covering the fundamental facts of the Service for the Army, the Reserve Officer, the National Guard, and even the Civilian Chemist. The present work was undertaken by both authors as a labor of patriotism and because of their interest in the Service.