Produced by R. Cedron, David Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net CHINA AND THE CHINESE CHINA AND THE CHINESE BY HERBERT ALLEN GILES, LL.D. PROFESSOR OF CHINESE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LECTURER (1902) ON THE DEAN LUNG FOUNDATION IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY NEW YORK THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Agents. 66 Fifth Avenue 1902 _All rights reserved._ Copyright, 1902, By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped October, 1902. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing & Co.—Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A. PREFACE The following Lectures were delivered during March, 1902, at Columbia University, in the city of New York, to inaugurate the foundation by General Horace W. Carpentier of the Dean Lung Chair of Chinese. By the express desire of the authorities of Columbia University these Lectures are now printed, and they may serve to record an important and interesting departure in Oriental studies. It is not pretended that Chinese scholarship will be in any way advanced by this publication. The Lectures, slight in themselves, were never meant for advanced students, but rather to draw attention to, and possibly arouse some interest in, a subject which will occupy a larger space in the future than in the present or in the past. HERBERT A. GILES. Cambridge, England, April 15, 1902. CONTENTS LECTURE I THE CHINESE LANGUAGE Its Importance—Its Difficulty—The Colloquial—Dialects—"Mandarin"—Absence of Grammar—Illustrations—Pidgin-English—Scarcity of Vocables—The Tones—Coupled Words—The Written Language—The Indicators—Picture Characters—Pictures of Ideas—The Phonetics—Some Faulty Analyses ... 3 LECTURE II A CHINESE LIBRARY The Cambridge (Eng.) Library—(A) The Confucian Canon—(B) Dynastic History—The "Historical Record"—The "Mirror of History"—Biography—Encyclopædias—How arranged—Collections of Reprints—The Imperial Statutes—The Penal Code—(C) Geography—Topography—An Old Volume—Account of Strange Nations—(D) Poetry—Novels—Romance of the Three Kingdoms—Plays—(E) Dictionaries—The Concordance—Its Arrangement—Imperial Catalogue—Senior Classics ... 37 LECTURE III DEMOCRATIC CHINA The Emperor—Provincial Government—Circuits—Prefectures—Magistracies— Headboroughs—The People—The Magistrate—Other Provincial Officials—The Prefect—The Intendant of Circuit (_Tao-t'ai_)—Viceroy and Governor—Taxation—Mencius on "the People"—Personal Liberty—New Imposts—Combination—Illustrations ... 73 LECTURE IV CHINA AND ANCIENT GREECE