E-text prepared by John Bickers and Dagny and revised by David Widger, Kuwehe, Judith Wirawan, Juliet Sutherland, Tony De Vita, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) [Illustration: A NÜ-CHÊN TARTAR (_14th Century_)] CHINA AND THE MANCHUS by HERBERT A. GILES, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Chinese in the University of Cambridge, and Sometime H.B.M. Consul at Ningpo CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. THE NÜ-CHÊNS AND KITANS 1 II. THE FALL OF THE MINGS 14 III. SHUN CHIH 28 IV. K'ANG HSI 40 V. YUNG CHÊNG AND CH'IEN LUNG 52 VI. CHIA CH'ING 61 VII. TAO KUANG 69 VIII. HSIEN FÊNG 81 IX. T'UNG CHIH 98 X. KUANG HSÜ 106 XI. HSÜAN T'UNG 121 XII. SUN YAT-SEN 129 LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED 141 INDEX 142 ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP A NÜ-CHÊN TARTAR (14_th Century_) _Frontispiece_ A KITAN TARTAR (14_th Century_) _facing page_ 2 SKETCH MAP OF THE FAR EAST _at end_ NOTE It is impossible to give here a complete key to the pronunciation of Chinese words. For those who wish to pronounce with approximate correctness the proper names in this volume, the following may be a rough guide:-- a as in alms. ê as u in fun. i as ie in thief. o as aw in saw. u as oo in soon. ü as u in French, or ü in German. [)u] as e in her. ai as aye (yes). ao as ow in cow. ei as ey in prey. ow as o (not as ow in cow). ch as ch in church. chih as chu in church. hs as sh (hsiu = sheeoo). j as in French. ua and uo as wa and wo. The insertion of a rough breathing ' calls for a strong aspirate. CHAPTER I THE NÜ-CHÊNS AND KITANS The Manchus are descended from a branch of certain wild Tungusic nomads, who were known in the ninth century as the Nü-chêns, a name which has been said to mean "west of the sea." The cradle of their race lay at the base of the Ever-White Mountains, due north of Korea, and was fertilised by the head waters of the Yalu River.