The Manchus had learned that the host of Chinese people, one hundred to his one, had no transport service (ponies); that they, therefore, were not cohesive or mobile; that their capital could be held by any bold clan which would at the beginning not exact too heavy a tribute, and which would allow the people practically to rule themselves by the classical examination and democratic civil service. The Manchus informed this civil service that they could hold their places if they adopted the Manchu style of hair-dressing, which was done, and in time Manchu yellow instead of Chinese blue became the official dress of honor. The Chinese women were unconquerable. They never adopted the Manchu style of dressing the hair over the ears, or of not compressing the feet. The Manchus refused to adopt the Chinese system of using family names first, making a three-named system, as Li Hung-Chang. The Manchus used merely their double names, as Na-Tung, but their family names were entered on the roster of one of the eight military banners. Gradually the Manchu garrisons bullied the Chinese out of their walled cities, and the Chinese had to build a second wall around the suburbs. The events and dates of Manchu history, as it affects their own Ta Ching (Great Pure) and foreign (Fung Kwei) civilizations, are told shortly, as follows: The Manchu Tien-Tsung overthrows the Ming King Hwai Tsung and occupies Peking 1643 Tea brought to Europe in English ships from Canton 1660 Kang-Hi, greatest and most artistic Manchu Emperor, ascends throne, Christianity almost established 1661 Galdan, Prince of Jungaria, conquers Kashgaria and becomes supreme in Central Asia 1678 First treaty with European power (Russia) 1689 Commerce with East India Company begins at Canton 1680 Yung-Ching ascends throne; anti-Christian 1722 Jesuits expelled 1724 English send first man-of-war, _Centurion_, to China, English being active at Canton, Ningpo, etc. 1742 First American vessel, _Empress of China_, from New York, Captain Green, reaches Canton, China 1784 First American Consul, Major Shaw, at Macao, China 1786 Philadelphia opens China trade with ship _Alliance_ 1788 Boston opens China trade with ship _Massachusetts_ 1789 Earl Macartney’s mission arrives at Peking, throwing light on the Empire, which appeared to contain 4,402 walled cities, population 333,000,000, the Tartar and Manchu army being 1,000,000 infantry and 800,000 cavalry. Government absolute 1793 Macartney ordered to depart, the Chinese deciding to seal the country against foreigners October 7, 1793