Sir G. L. Staunton, at London, in three volumes reveals the heart of China and the capital to the world, fixing the nations in their determination to open China to modernity 1798 First English Protestant missionary, Robert Morrison, arrives, and in American factory of Milner & Bull at Canton translates Bible and compiles Chinese-English dictionary 1808 Edict against Christianity 1812 Lord Amherst’s embassy, which failed because he would not make “kotow” to Emperor as a bearer of tribute from an inferior nation 1816 Exclusive rights of East India Company cease 1834 Lord Napier arrives at Macao to superintend British commerce 1834 Opium dispute begins; the trade prohibited by Emperor November, 1834 Opium burned at Canton by famous Chinese Commissioner Lin February, 1835 Captain Elliot and British merchants leave Canton May, 1839 British and American seamen fight Chinese at Canton July 7, 1839 Hongkong taken by British August 23, 1839 British retire from Macao August 26, 1839 American frigate _Powhatan_ and British sloop _Rattler_ fight Chinese pirates in Kowloon Bay, opposite Hongkong September 4, 1839 British trade with China ceases by edict of Emperor December 6, 1839 Opium war between England and China, in which old China received the soundest thrashing she ever received from any foreign nation; many engagements; many ports taken 1840 Treaty of peace signed before Nanking on board ship _Cornwallis_, Sir Henry Pottinger for England and Ki-Ying and Neu-Kien for China, China paying indemnity of $21,000,000, throwing open as treaty ports Canton, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo and Shanghai, and ceding Hongkong Island to Britain August 29, 1842 American Commissioner Cushing, Daniel Webster’s son Fletcher, etc., arrive at Canton 1844 Manchu yellow instead of Chinese blue adopted as official color 1855 Famous Empress Dowager Tse Hsi and Viceroy Li Hung Chang arise to power 1856 Non-fulfilment of Nanking treaty with Britain causes war again 1856 Coolie slave trade for Peru, Cuba, California, etc., opens at Macao 1860