[26] Lit. “orange-peel markings (_chü p’i wên_) rise in the glaze.” [27] i.e. red lines coloured by rubbing ochre into the cracks. See vol. i, p. 99. [28] _O. C. A._, p. 371. [29] Unfortunately the term _pao shih hung_ has been loosely applied in modern times to the iron red. See Julien, op. cit., p. 91 note: “Among the colours for porcelain painting which M. Itier brought from China and offered to the Sèvres factory, there is one called _pao shih hung_, which, from M. Salvétat’s analysis, is nothing else but oxide of iron with a flux.” In other words, it is a material which should have been labelled _fan hung_. This careless terminology has led to much confusion. [30] _T’ao lu_, bk. v., fol. 7 recto. [31] The _Ch’ing pi tsang_ mentions “designs of flowers, birds, fish and insects, and such like forms” as typical ornaments on the red painted Hsüan porcelain. [32] The three fruits (_san kuo_) are the peach, pomegranate, and finger citron, which typify the Three Abundances of years, sons and happiness. [33] _Wu fu._ This may, however, be emblematically rendered by five bats, the bat (_fu_) being a common rebus for _fu_ (happiness). [34] See p. 122. [35] According to Bushell, _O. C. A._, p. 130, “cobalt blue, as we learn from the official annals of the Sung dynasty (_Sung shih_, bk. 490, fol. 12), was brought to China by the Arabs under the name of _wu ming yi_.” This takes it back to the tenth century. _Wu ming yi_ (nameless rarity) was afterwards used as a general name for cobalt blue, and was applied to the native mineral. The name was sometimes varied to _wu ming tzŭ_. Though we are not expressly told the source of the _su-ni-p’o_ blue, it is easily guessed. For the Ming Annals (bk. 325) state that among the objects brought as tribute by envoys from Sumatra were “precious stones, agate, crystal, carbonate of copper, rhinoceros horn, and [chch 3] _hui hui ch’ing_ (Mohammedan blue).” See W. P. Groeneveldt, _Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, vol. xxxix., p. 92. These envoys arrived in 1426, 1430, 1433, 1434, and for the last time in 1486. Sumatra was a meeting-place of the traders from East and West, and no doubt the Mohammedan blue was brought thither by Arab merchants. Possibly some of the mineral was brought back by the celebrated eunuch Chêng Ho, who led an expedition to Sumatra in the Yung Lo period. See also p. 30. [36] See _Cat. B. F. A._, 1910, L 23; a pilgrim bottle belonging to Mrs. Halsey, inscribed after export to India with the word Alamgir, a name of the famous Aurungzib. Cf. also the fine cylindrical vase in the Victoria and Albert Museum (Case 2), with floral scrolls in this type of blue combined with underglaze red, and the Hsüan Tê mark. [37] Op. cit., Nos. 9, 31, 37, 39, 48, 69 and 83. [38] _Hui hu_ is a variant for _hui hui_ (Mohammedan). [39] Probably due to over-firing.