In the following section the Devanagari letters were printed without virama, but they should be read as the consonant alone.] ON LABIALIZED AND UNLABIALIZED GUTTURALS. As in my article on _Vayodhai_, published in Kuhn’s “Zeitschrift,” 1866, p. 215, I had entered a _caveat_ against identifying Greek β with Sanskrit ज, I take this opportunity of frankly withdrawing it. Phonetically, no doubt, these two letters represent totally distinct powers, and to say that Sanskrit ज ever became Greek β is as irrational to-day as it was ten years ago. But historically I was entirely wrong, as will be seen from the last edition of Curtius’ “Grundzüge.” The guttural sonant check was palatalized in the Southeastern Branch, and there became j and _z_, while in the Northwestern Branch the same g was frequently labialized and became gv, v, and b. Hence, where we have ज in Sanskrit, we may and do find β in Greek. But after withdrawing my former _caveat_, I make bold to propose another, namely, that the original palatal sonant flatus, which in Sanskrit is graphically represented by j, can never be represented in Greek by β. Whether j in Sanskrit represents an original palatal sonant check or an original palatal sonant flatus can generally be determined by a reference to Zend, which represents the former by j, the latter by _z_. We may therefore formulate this phonetic law:-- +“When Sanskrit j is represented by Zend _z_, it cannot be represented by Greek β.”+ In this manner it is possible, I believe, to utilize Ascoli’s and Fick’s brilliant discovery as to a twofold, or even threefold, distinction of the Aryan k, as applied to the Aryan g. They have proved that all Aryan languages show traces of an original distinction between a guttural surd check, k, frequently palatalized in the Southeastern Branch (Sk. c, Zend c) and liable to labialization, in Latin, Greek, Cymric, and Gothic; and another k, never liable to labialization, but changed into a flatus, palatal or otherwise, in Sanskrit, Lithuanian, and Old Slavonic. They showed, in fact,-- [Transcriber’s Note: The following list has been rotated 90° for space.] Sanskrit. क (च) श Lith. k sz Slav. k, č, c s Gadh. c c & Cym. p Lat. c, qu, v c Greek. κ, κϝ, κκ, κ π, ππ, τ, ττ, Gothic. hv, h h In the same manner we ought in future to distinguish between a guttural sonant check, g, frequently palatalized in the Southeastern Branch (Sk. j, Zend j), and liable to labialization, like k; and another g, never liable to labialization, but changed into a flatus, palatal or otherwise, in Zend, Lithuanian, and Old Slavonic. As we never have π = श we never have β = ज, if ज in Zend is _z_. The evidence will be found under Sk. +jan+, +jabh+, +jar+ (to decay, and to praise), +jush+, +jñâ+, +jñu+, +jâmâtar+; +aj+, +bhrâj+, +marj+, +yaj+, +raj(atam)+.