Produced by Michael Ciesielski, Turgut Dincer, Leonard Johnson and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM IN SPAIN A.D. 756-1031 C.R. HAINES, M.A. AUTHOR OF "ENGLAND AND THE OPIUM TRADE"; "EDUCATION AND MISSIONS"; "VERSIONS IN VERSE." LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH &CO., PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1889 [Note: While there is only one Chapter IX in the Table of Contents, there are two in text. I believe the first was meant to be part of Chapter VIII.] TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Invasion of Spain by the barbarians--Its easy conquest--Quarrels among the conquerors--Departure of the Vandals--Visigoths gain the supremacy--Conflict with Eastern Empire--Reduction of the Suevi--All Spain becomes Gothic--Approach of Saracens--Planting of Christianity in Spain--St James--Gospel first preached at Elvira--Irenaeus--Persecutions--Martyrs--Council of Elvira--Council of Nice--Number of Christians--Paganism proscribed--Julian--Arianism--Ulphilas--Conversion of barbarians--Degeneracy of religion--Priscillian--His heresy condemned--Priscillian burnt--Paganism, in Spain--The Gothic Government--Church and State--Power of king--Election of bishops--Arianism of Goths--Ermenegild--Bigotry in Spain--Jews--Influence of clergy--Of the pope 1-11 CHAPTER II. Period of Gothic rule--Degeneracy of Goths--Causes of their fall--Battle of Guadalete--Resistance of towns--Theodomir--Remnant in the North--Mohammedanism--Its rise and progress--Reduction of Africa--Siege of Constantinople--Attacks on Spain--Tarif--Arabs in Gaul--Anarchy in Spain--Christians in the North--Clemency of the Arabs--Treaties--Conquest easy--Rhapsodies of Isidore--Slaves--Jews--Impartiality of Arab governors--Khalifate established--Feuds of Arabs and Berbers--Revolt of Berbers--Syrian Arabs--Settlement of Arabs--Effect of Berber wars 11-25 CHAPTER III. Landing of Abdurrahman--Khalifate of Cordova--Condition of Christians--Proselytism--Apostates--Arabs and Spaniards--Evidence of Christian writers--Condition of the people--Serfs--No revolts--No solidarity with the Christians in the North--Relations with Arabs at first friendly--The jehad in Spain--Martyrs in battle--Fabulous martyr--Anambad, first martyr--Peter of Najuma--No other till 824--John and Adulphus--Causes of Martyrdoms--Amalgamation of the two peoples--Intermarriage--Children of mixed parents--Nunilo and Alodia--Mania for martyrdom--Voluntary martyrdoms--The Spanish confessors--Threatened deterioration in the Church--Christianity infected with Moslem customs--Religious fervour in convents--Fanaticism, of monks--Fresh martyrs--Perfectus, John, Isaac--Arab inability to understand the motives of these martyrs--Causes of fanaticism--Sanctus--Peter--Walabonsus, etc 25-40 CHAPTER IV.