Notker, 32 Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, 196; Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, 285 Nuremberg, Epiphany at, 342 Nuts, customs with, 195-6, 207 "O's," Great, 92 Oak as a sacred tree, 254 Oberufer, Christmas play at, 143, 272 Ocana, F. de, 65-6 Oesel, "Yule Boar" in, 288 Old Hob, 199-200 |398| Otfrid of Weissenburg, 42 Oxford, boars head at, 284 Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., 104 _Parcae_, 181 Paris, Christmas in, 98; All Souls' Eve in, 191; St. Catherine's Day in, 213; Christmas-tree in, 267; New Year in, 277; Feast of Fools in, 302-3 Paschal, Francoise, 61-2 Pasquier, Etienne, 339 Pearson, Dr. Karl, 161-2 Pellegrin, Abbe, 63 Pelzmaerte, 206-8, 217 Perchta, 181, 241-4, 342 Perun, 254 Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, 213 Philocalian Calendar, 20 _Pifferari_, 112 Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, 218 Pliny, 273 Plough Monday, 300 Plum-pudding, 284-5 _Plygain_, 99 Poland, the "star" in, 152; puppet-shows in, 153; werewolves in, 246; Christmas straw in, 276; Christmas wafers in, 291 _Polaznik_, 231, 252, 323-4 Presents, at the Roman Kalends, 168-71, 276-7; on All Souls' Eve, 192; at Martinmas, 205-8; on St. Nicholas's Day, 218-20; at Christmas, 183, 230, 277-9; at New Year and other seasons, 277-8; at Epiphany, 343 _Presepio._ _See_ Crib "Prophetae," 127 Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, 27, 70-8, 111, 138, 141, 185-6, 229-30 Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, 141, 154; Christmas log in, 255; Magi in, 344 Prudentius, 32 Puppet-plays, 153 f. Purification, feast of the. _See_ Candlemas Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, 77, 180, 184-5, 298 Pyramids, 266 Quainton, blossoming thorn at, 268 "Raging host," 240, 242 Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, 252 Ramsgate, hodening at, 200-1 _Rauchnaechte_, 225, 327-8 Rhys, Sir John, 189, 321, 325-6 Ripon, St. Clement's Day at, 212; Yule candles at, 259; Candlemas at, 354 Risano, Christmas log customs at, 252 Rolle, Richard, 48 Rome, Christmas established in, 20-1; pagan winter festivals in, 23-4, 165-71; Christmas services and customs in, 95-6, 112-6, 289-90; mediaeval New Year _quete_ in, 331 Rossetti, Christina, 85 Rouen, religious plays at, 124-5, 138-40 Roumania, the "star" in, 152; Christmas drama in, 153; St. Andrew's Eve in, 215-6; Christmas songs in, 238; Christmas fare in, 287, 291; New Year in, 330-1; Epiphany in, 342 Russia, Epiphany ceremonies in, 104, 246; the "star" in, 152; Christmas Eve in, 232-3, 237; fire superstitions in, 253; Christmas fare in, 287, 291; Christmas games in, 294; mummers in, 302; New Year in, 333 Saboly, 62 Sacrifice, theories of, 174-8; connected with festivals, 178-9; survivals of, 199, 283-7, 292-4, 328, 347-9 Salers, Christmas king at, 340 _Samhain_, 172, 204 Sant' Andrea della Valle, Rome, 102 Santa Klaus, 220