§ 103.4. =Distinguished Franciscan Schoolmen.=--=Alexander of Hales=, trained in the English cloister of Hales, _doctor irrefragabilis_, was the most famous teacher of theology in Paris, where in A.D. 1222 he entered the Seraphic Order. He died in A.D. 1245. As the first church theologian who, without the excessive hair-splitting of later scholastics, applied the forms of the peripatetic philosophy to the scientific elaboration of the doctrinal system of the church, he was honoured by his grateful order with the title of _Monarcha theologorum_, and is still regarded as the first scholastic in the strict sense of the word. His _Summa theologica_, published at Nuremberg in A.D. 1482 in 4 folio vols. was accepted by his successors as the model of scientific method and arrangement. The first two vols. treat of God and His Work, the Creature; the third, of the Redeemer and His Work; the fourth, of the Sacraments of the O. and N.T. The conclusion, which is not extant, treated of _Præmia salutis per futuram gloriam_. Each of these divisions was subdivided into a great number of _Quæstiones_, these again into _Membra_, and these often into _Articuli_. The question at the head of the section was followed by several answers affirmative and negative, some of which were entitled _Auctoritates_ (quotations from Scripture, the Fathers, and the teachers of the church), some _Rationes_ (dictates of the Greek, Arabian, and Jewish philosophers), and finally, his own conclusion. Among the authorities of later times, Hugo’s dogmatic works (§ 102, 4) occupy with him the highest place, but he seems to have had no appreciation of his mystical speculations.--His most celebrated disciple =John Fidanza=, better known as =Bonaventura=, had a strong tendency to mysticism. Born at Bagnarea in the district of Florence in A.D. 1221, he became teacher of theology in Paris in A.D. 1253, general of his order in A.D. 1257, was made Cardinal-bishop of Ostia by Gregory X. in A.D. 1273, and in the following year was a member of the Lyons Council, at which the question of the reunion of the churches was discussed (§ 67, 4). He took an active part in the proceedings of that council, but died before its close in A.D. 1274. His aged teacher Alexander had named him a _Verus Israelita, in quo Adam non peccasse videtur_. Later Franciscans regarded him as the noblest embodiment of the idea of the Seraphic Order next to its founder, and celebrated the angelic purity of his personality by the title _doctor seraphicus_. Sixtus IV. canonized him in A.D. 1482, and Sixtus V. edited his works in 8 fol. vols. in A.D. 1588, and gave him in A.D. 1587 the sixth place in the rank of _Doctores ecclesiæ_ as the greatest church teacher of the West. Like Hugo, he combined the mystical and doctrinal sides of theology, but like Richard St. Victor inclined more to the mystical. His