Ecclst._”); =Carpzov= of Leipzig, died A.D. 1767 as superintendent at Lübeck (“_Critica s. V.T._,” “_Introductio ad Libros cen. V.T._,” “_Apparatus Antiquitt. s. Codicis_”); =J. H. Michaelis= of Halle, died 1731 (“_Biblia. Hebr. c. Variis Lectionibus et Brev. Annott._,” “_Uberiores Annott. in Hagiograph._”); assisted in both by his learned nephew =Chr. Ben. Michaelis= of Halle, died 1764; =J. G. Walch= of Jena, died 1755 (“_Einl. in die Religionsstreitigkeiten_,” “_Biblioth. Theol. Selecta_,” “_Biblioth. Patristica_,” “_Luther’s Werke_”); =Chr. Meth. Pfaff= of Tübingen, died 1760 (“_K. G., K. Recht, Dogmatik, Moral_”); =L. von Mosheim= of Helmstädt [Helmstadt] and Göttingen, died 1755, the father of modern church history (“_Institt. Hist. Ecclst._,” “_Commentarii Rebus Christ. ante Constant. M._,” “_Dissertationes_,” etc.); =J. Alb. Bengel= of Stuttgart, died 1752 (“_Gnomon N.T._,” a commentary on the N.T. distinguished by pregnancy of expression and profundity of thought; from his interpretation of Revelation he expected the millennium to begin in A.D. 1836); and =Chr. A. Crusius= of Leipzig, died 1775 (“_Hypomnemata ad Theol. Propheticam._”)--A =fourth= theological school arose out of the application of the mathematical method of demonstration by the philosopher =Chr. von Wolff= of Halle, who died A.D. 1754. Wolff attached himself to the philosophical system of Leibnitz, and sought to unite philosophy and Christianity; but under the manipulation of his logico-mathematical method of proof he took all vitality out of the system, and the pre-established harmony of the world became a purely mechanical clockwork. He looked merely to the logical accuracy of Christian truths, without seeking to penetrate their inner meaning, gave formal exercise to the understanding, while the heart was left empty and cold; and thus inevitably revelation and mystery made way for a mere natural theology. Hence the charge brought against the system of tending to fatalism and atheism, not only by narrow pietists like Lange, but by able and liberal theologians like Buddeus and Crusius, was quite justifiable. By a cabinet order of Frederick William I. in A.D. 1723 Wolff was deposed, and ordered within two days, on pain of death, to quit the Prussian states. But so soon as Frederick II. ascended the throne, in A.D. 1740, he recalled the philosopher to Halle from Marburg, where he had meanwhile taught with great success.[500] =Sig. Jac. Baumgarten=, the pious and learned professor in Halle, who died in A.D. 1757, was the first to introduce Wolff’s method into theology. In respect of contents his theology occupies essentially the old orthodox ground. The ablest promoter of the system was =John Carpov= of Weimar, who died in A.D. 1768 (“_Theol. Revelata Meth. Scientifica Adornata_”). When applied to sermons, the Wolffian method led to the most extreme insipidity and absurdity.