“When a single government is instituted, the individuals of which it is composed surrender to it a part of their natural independence, which they before enjoyed as men. When a confederate republic is instituted, the communities of which it is composed surrender to it a part of their political independence, which they before enjoyed as states.... Since _states_ as well as _citizens_ are represented in the Constitution before us, and form the objects on which that Constitution is purported to operate, it was necessary to notice and define _federal_ as well as civil liberty.... Under these impressions, and with these views, was the late convention appointed; and under these impressions, and with these views, the late convention met. We now see the great end which they proposed to accomplish. It was to frame, for the consideration of their constituents, one _federal_ and _national_ Constitution ... a constitution that would insure peace, freedom, and happiness to the states and people of America.” (2 _Ell. Deb._ 429, _et seq._) So spoke the great Wilson, beginning his explanation of the proposed Constitution to the first Americans assembled in the “conventions” named in the Seventh and Fifth Articles, the Americans in Pennsylvania. As we listen to him, we remark the insistence upon the fact that the Constitution to be considered is both a “_federal_ and _national_ Constitution.” And, in strict conformity to this fact, Wilson is heard explaining the difference between the _federal_ liberty of a state, controlled by the _federal_ Articles of a constitution, and the _natural_ liberty of a man, controlled by the _national_ Articles of a constitution. We listen to him with great interest when he tells us that this _federal and national_ Constitution has been framed to insure “peace, freedom and happiness to the states and the people of America.” In his words we hear the echo of the fact so clearly declared in the Tenth Amendment, that the _federal_ powers, not delegated in this Constitution to the new government, are reserved “to the states respectively,” and the _national_ powers, not therein delegated, are reserved “to the people” themselves of America.