In our education, we now grasp accurately that the Americans, who ended forever the status of “subject” in America, in their Revolution, had not only to contend with their former omnipotent government but also with one third of their own population, the Tories. When that Revolution had succeeded, when the Statute of ’76 had actually been made the basic law of America, many Tories, in the natural course of events, became citizens of the particular state, now a free republic, in which they lived. When the Convention of 1787 assembled at Philadelphia, when the respective “conventions” in each state later assembled, many delegates were men with a known leaning to the Tory mental attitude. It is not to be understood that, by reason of this fact, their loyalty to the new institutions of their country was not sincere. One of the great liberties secured by those new institutions was the right of the human being to think and talk as he pleased as to what is the mode of government best designed to secure the happiness of men. As a matter of fact, when those “conventions” assembled, many of our most prominent Americans of the Revolution had begun sincerely to doubt whether the American people had _yet_ learned enough to profit most by their legal ability now to dictate to all their governments how much power each government should have. It is the record of impartial history that the people’s distribution of all surrendered power of a _national_ kind, the grant to the new government and reservation to the old state governments, was dictated by two opposite factors. The wise and able leaders, whether their mental attitude was American or Tory, knew that the general government must get a grant of much power of that kind, if it were successfully to promote the welfare of the American people. On the other hand, they knew with certainty that such grants must be specified and enumerated and limited, or the American people would make no grant at all. It was, as it still is, the basic law of America that grants _of that kind_ could only be obtained directly from the people themselves. The American mental attitude, that citizens and not governments shall define the extent of government power to interfere with individual freedom, was the controlling factor when the Constitution made its great distribution of all surrendered powers.