We now come to that part of Sheppard’s oration in which he makes certain his remarkable “knowledge” that our Constitution was made by the states--which are political entities--and not by the people of America. With a complacency requisite in one who advocates that unique constitution of a new kind of government in America, government of the people by government without authority from the people, we find him quoting from Calhoun of 1833 the doctrine that the states made the Constitution. “In this compact they have stipulated, among other things, that it may be amended by three fourths of the states; that is, they have conceded to each other by compact the right to add new powers or to subtract old, by the consent of that proportion of the states, without requiring, as would otherwise have been the case, the consent of all.” (_Congressional Record_, Vol. 55, p. 5553.) The history of America from May 29, 1787, to July 30, 1917, was clearly a sealed book to Sheppard of Texas on that later day. On May 30, 1787, at Philadelphia, Randolph of Virginia offered the three Resolutions, which proposed that the people of America create a nation and absorb into their _national_ system the _federal_ union which had been made by the states. The first resolution was to express the sentiment of the convention “that the union of states merely _federal_ will not accomplish the objects”; the second was to express the sentiment that “no treaty or treaties among the whole or part of the _states_, as individual sovereignties, would be sufficient”; and the third was to express the sentiment “that a _national_ government ought to be established, consisting of the supreme legislative, executive, and judiciary.” The work of that Philadelphia Convention was carried to a successful conclusion on the basis of those sentiments. When their proposed Constitution had been worded, it was sent to and made by the one people of America, _not by the states_. The Constitution of the United States was ordained and established, not by the states in their sovereign capacities, but emphatically, as the Preamble of the Constitution declares, by the “people of the United States.” So declared Justice Story, from the Bench of the Supreme Court, as far back as the decision of Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1 _Wheat._ 324. As Story was an associate of Marshall on that Supreme Court, and as he is recognized as one of the greatest exponents of our Constitution, we average Americans prefer his knowledge to that of Sheppard even when the latter does quote from Calhoun. Furthermore, in an unbroken line of decisions, extending over the entire period of more than a century of whose history Sheppard knows naught, the Supreme Court has insistently proclaimed the same fact, namely, that the people of America--not the states--made our Constitution.