We average Americans, therefore, come to the courtroom of 1920 with some knowledge that is a mathematical certainty. We know that everything done at Philadelphia by the “conventions” named in the Seventh Article was done with one dominant purpose--the security of individual human freedom. We know that, at Philadelphia and in those “conventions,” the old states and their governments, the _federal_ government and its continuation in the new Constitution, the new nation and its Constitution and its government were only important as the American citizens considered that each or all would contribute to the security of American _individual_ freedom. We know that, only in rare instances, such as that of Gerry, did a Tory mental attitude lead a man into the error (for any American after ’76) of thinking that political entities (such as states or nations or their governments) have the slightest importance except in so far as they contribute to the individual freedom of the citizens who create them and _must_ control them, if an American is to remain a citizen. We know that every American, in those “conventions,” discussed and voted upon every mention of these political entities, with insistent realization that nothing anywhere in the Constitution was intended to disturb or did disturb the legal fact that only the citizens of America, in “conventions,” ever could say _how much national power_ the new government should have, _how much_ each old state should be allowed to retain over its own citizens and _how much_ the citizens of America should reserve from all governments in America. We also know this legal fact to have been the most important legal fact in America to the Americans in those “conventions.” We know that it was the legal fact whose denial by the British Parliament caused the Revolution. We know that, from July 4, 1776, everything which the Americans did was solely to make it impossible that any one could ever deny this legal fact in America. And we also know, something that has been entirely ignored since 1917, that these “conventions” knew that the “conventions” of the Seventh and the Fifth Articles were identically the same thing and were the most important reservee in the Tenth Amendment, “the people” of America, in their aggregate and collective capacity as Henry accurately put it. With this simple and amazingly important knowledge of facts, a knowledge acquired by our education with the Americans who made themselves and their posterity free men instead of “subjects,” we come to the arguments and briefs of 1920. There we expect to learn how the opponents of the Eighteenth Amendment presented and its supporters answered these facts. Because these facts we do know, if they are _all_ the facts, flatly deny the existence of that new _national_ Article, made by governments alone.