The borough as a county; it acquires a sheriff Government of London under Henry I The guilds; the town guild, and Guild Hall Government of London as perfected in the thirteenth century; mayor, aldermen, and common council The city of London, and the metropolitan district English cities were for a long time the bulwarks of liberty Simon de Montfort and the cities Oligarchical abuses in English cities, beginning with the Tudor period The Municipal Reform Act of 1835 Government of the city of New York before the Revolution Changes after the Revolution City government in Philadelphia in the eighteenth century The very tradition of good government was lacking in these cities QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT Section 3. _The Government of Cities in the United States_. Several features of our municipal governments In many cases they do not seem to work well Rapid growth of American cities Some consequences of this rapid growth Wastefulness resulting from want of foresight Growth in complexity of government in cities Illustrated by list of municipal officers in Boston. How city government comes to be a mystery to the citizens, in some respects harder to understand than state and national government Dread of the "one-man power" has in many cases led to scattering and weakening of responsibility Committees inefficient for executive purposes; the "Circumlocution Office" Alarming increase of city debts, and various attempts to remedy the evil Experience of New York with state interference in municipal affairs; unsatisfactory results The Tweed Ring in New York The present is a period of experiments The new government of Brooklyn Necessity of separating municipal from national politics Notion that the suffrage ought to be restricted; evils wrought by ignorant voters Evils wrought by wealthy speculators; testimony of the Pennsylvania Municipal Commission Dangers of a restricted suffrage Baneful effects of mixing city politics with national politics The "spoils system" must be destroyed, root and branch; ballot reform also indispensable QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE CHAPTER VI. THE STATE. Section 1. _The Colonial Governments_. Claims of Spain to the possession of North America Claims of France and England The London and Plymouth Companies Their common charter Dissolution of the two companies States formed in the three zones Formation of representative governments; House of Burgesses in Virginia Company of Massachusetts Bay Transfer of the charter from England to Massachusetts The General Court; assistants and deputies Virtual independence of Massachusetts, and quarrels with the Crown New charter of Massachusetts in 1692; its liberties curtailed Republican governments in Connecticut and Rhode Island Counties palatine in England; proprietary charter of Maryland Proprietary charter of Pennsylvania Quarrels between Penns and Calverts; Mason and Dixon's line