27 _Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times_ (3 vols., 1711). In the second volume there is included his ethical treatise entitled, _Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit_, which appeared first, in 1699, independently. It was published in French in 1745 by Denis Diderot. 28 F. Hutcheson: _An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue_ (1725); _A System of Moral Philosophy_ (1755, posthumous). 29 Joseph Butler: _Fifteen Sermons upon Human Nature, or Man considered as a Moral Agent_ (1726). CHAPTER VIII Notes 30 The freely thinking, anti-dogmatic religiousness of Socinianism had maintained itself chiefly in Poland, Holland, Hungary, England, and North America. Its closer adherents called themselves also Latitudinarians, the more distant ones Unitarians. The fact that religious rationalism had already existed in a literary form made its appearance in the eighteenth century easier. 31 Tindal’s work bears the title _Christianity as Old as the Creation_ (1730). Pierre Bayle’s famous _Dictionnaire historique et critique_ appeared for the first time in two volumes in 1695. 32 The most impressive, and perhaps the most profound document of the religion of reason is the confession of faith which Rousseau in his novel _Emile_ (1762) puts into the mouth of a country minister from Savoy. 33 F. V. Reinhard: _Essay concerning the Plan which the Founder of the Christian Religion drew up for the Benefit of Mankind_ (1791; 4th ed., 1798). K. H. Venturini: _Natural History of the Great Prophet of Nazareth_ (1800-1802). See for an account of them the writer’s work: _The Quest of the Historical Jesus_ (1906; 4th ed., 1922 (German); 1st English ed., 1910; 3rd, 1922). 34 Expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal, 1759; from France, 1764; from Spain and Naples, 1767; from Parma, 1768. 35 _Short Theses upon the Sin of Witchcraft and the Practice of Trial Therefor_. 36 See G. Lenôtre: “Les Agents Royalists sous la Revolution” (_Revue des Deux Mondes_, 1922). 37 Her dictum is given in the English periodical, _The Atlas_, in its issue of January 27th, 1828. 38 _Esquissè d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit humain_. It was published in 1795, after the author’s death, at the expense of the National Convention. CHAPTER IX Notes 39 Immanuel Kant: _Kritik der reinen Vernunft_ (1781); _Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten_ (1785); _Kritik der praktischen Vernunft_ (1788); _Kritik der Urteilskraft_ (1790); _Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft_ (1793); _Metaphysik der Sitten_ (1797). CHAPTER X Notes 40 _Tractatus theologico-politicus_ (anonymous, 1670); _Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata_ (posthumous and anonymous, 1677; German translation by Johann Lorenz Schmidt, 1744); _Tractatus politicus_ (posthumous and anonymous, 1677). First complete edition of Spinoza’s works, 1802-3.