41 Lao-tze (born, _circa_. 604 B.C.): _Taoteking_; Chwang-tse (fourth century B.C.): _The True Book of the Southern Flower Land_; Lie-tse (fourth century B.C.): _The True Book of the Primitive Water-spring_. 42 G. W. Leibniz: _Système nouveau de la nature, et de la communication des substances_ (1695); _Nouveaux Essais_ (1704); _La Monadologie_ (1714). CHAPTER XI Notes 43 The greatest representatives of Gnosticism are Basilides, Valentinus, and Marcion, all three living in the first half of the second century B.C. At the beginning of that century all sorts of Gnostic systems spring up, as did speculative ones at the beginning of the nineteenth. The two great Christian teachers of Alexandria, Flavius Clemens at the end of the second century A.D., and Origen at the beginning of the third, try to bring the Gnostic speculations into harmony with the doctrine of the Church. 44 J. G. Fichte: _The Foundations of All Scientific Theories_ (1794); _The System of Moral Teaching According to the Principles of Science_ (1798); _The Destiny of Man_ (1800); _How to Attain to the Happy Life_ (1806); _Addresses to the German Nation_ (1808). A complete edition of J. G. Fichte’s works was edited by his son, J. H. Fichte, in 1845 and the following years. A good selection has been published by F. Medicus (1908 to 1912). 45 This and the following quotations are from _The Destiny of Man_. CHAPTER XII Notes 46 D. E. Schleiermacher: _Discourses on Religion for the Educated among its Contemners_ (1799); _Monologues_ (1800); _Outlines of a Critique of Moral Philosophy down to the Present Day_ (1803); _Christian Belief_ (1821-23); _Draft of a System of Moral Philosophy_ (posthumous, 1835). CHAPTER XIII Notes 47 Friedrich Hegel: _Phenomenology of the Spirit_ (1807); _The Science of Logic_ (3 vols., 1812-26); _Encyclopædia of the Philosophical Sciences_ (1817); _The Philosophy of Law_ (1821); _The Philosophy of History_ (posthumous, 1840). Complete edition of his works in eighteen volumes, prepared by his pupils, 1832-45. 48 _The Encyclopædia_, Part III. (1845 ed.), p. 386. 49 _The Encyclopædia of Philosophical Sciences_, Part III. (1845 ed.), p. 359. CHAPTER XIV Notes 50 F. E. Beneke: _Prolegomena to a Physiology of Morals_ (1822); _The Natural System of Practical Philosophy_ (3 vols., 1837-40). By his appearance as a champion of utilitarianism and his consequent attitude of hostility to Kant, Beneke drew upon himself the enmity of Hegel, and was compelled in 1822 to stop the course of lectures which he was giving as a _Privat-dozent_ at Berlin University. After Hegel’s death he filled a professorship at Berlin. 51 L. A. Feuerbach: _What is Christianity?_ (1841); _Divinity, Freedom, and Immortality from the Standpoint of Anthropology_ (1866). 52 Ernst Laas: _Idealism and Positivism_ (3 vols., 1879-84). 53 _The Physiology of Society_ is the fourth volume of Comte’s _Course of Positive Philosophy_ (6 vols., 1830-42).