Makers of History CLEOPATRA BY JACOB ABBOTT [Illustration: CLEOPATRA.] PREFACE Of all the beautiful women of history, none has left us such convincing proofs of her charms as Cleopatra, for the tide of Rome's destiny, and, therefore, that of the world, turned aside because of her beauty. Julius Caesar, whose legions trampled the conquered world from Canopus to the Thames, capitulated to her, and Mark Antony threw a fleet, an empire and his own honor to the winds to follow her to his destruction. Disarmed at last before the frigid Octavius, she found her peerless body measured by the cold eye of her captor only for the triumphal procession, and the friendly asp alone spared her Rome's crowning ignominy. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE VALLEY OF THE NILE II. THE PTOLEMIES III. ALEXANDRIA IV. CLEOPATRA'S FATHER V. ACCESSION TO THE THRONE VI. CLEOPATRA AND CAESAR VII. THE ALEXANDRINE WAR VIII. CLEOPATRA A QUEEN IX. THE BATTLE OF PHILIPPI X. CLEOPATRA AND ANTONY XI. THE BATTLE OF ACTIUM XII. THE END OF CLEOPATRA ILLUSTRATIONS CLEOPATRA MEETING OF CLEOPATRA AND ANTONY CLEOPATRA TESTING THE POISON UPON THE SLAVES [Illustration: Map--'Scene of CLEOPATRA'S HISTORY'] CHAPTER I. THE VALLEY OF THE NILE. The parentage and birth of Cleopatra.--Cleopatra's residence in Egypt.--Physical aspect of Egypt.--The eagle's wings and science.--Physical peculiarities of Egypt connected with the laws of rain.--General laws of rain.--Causes which modify the quantity of rain.--Striking contrasts.--Rainless regions.--Great rainless region of Asia and Africa.--The Andes.--Map of the rainless region.--Valley of the Nile.--The Red Sea.--The oases.--Siweh.--Mountains of the Moon.--The River Nile.--Incessant rains.--Inundation of the Nile.--Course of the river.--Subsidence of the waters.--Luxuriant vegetation.--Absence of forests.--Great antiquity of Egypt.--Her monuments.--The Delta of the Nile.--The Delta as seen from the sea.--Pelusiac mouth of the Nile.--The Canopic mouth.--Ancient Egypt.--The Pyramids.--Conquests of the Persians and Macedonians.--The Ptolemies.--Founding of Alexandria.--The Pharos. The story of Cleopatra is a story of crime. It is a narrative of the course and the consequences of unlawful love. In her strange and romantic history we see this passion portrayed with the most complete and graphic fidelity in all its influences and effects; its uncontrollable impulses, its intoxicating joys, its reckless and mad career, and the dreadful remorse and ultimate despair and ruin in which it always and inevitably ends.