Prussian invasion of Bohemia--Adersbach and Wickelsdorf labyrinths-- Refuges of the Israelites--Gauls suffocated in caves by Cæsar-- Armenians by Corbulo--Story of Julius Sabinus--Saracen invasion--The devastation of Aquitaine by Pepin--Rock refuges in Quercy--The Northmen--Persecution of the Albigenses--The cave of Lombrive--The English domination of Guyenne--Two kinds of refuges--Saint Macaire-- Alban--Refuge of Château Robin--Exploration--Methods of defence-- Souterrain of Fayrolle--Of Saint Gauderic--Of Fauroux--Of Olmie-- Aubeterre--Refuges under castles--Enormous number of souterrains in France--Victor Hugo's account of those in Brittany--Refuges resorted to in the time of the European War--Those in Picardy--Gapennes--Some comparatively modern--Condition of the peasantry during the Hundred Years' War--Tyranny of the nobles--Their barbarities--Refuges in Ireland--In England--The Dene Holes--at Chislehurst--At Tilbury--Their origin--Fogous in Cornwall--Refuges in Haddingtonshire--In Egg-- Slaughter of the Macdonalds--Refuges in the Isle of Rathlin--Massacre by John Norris--Refuges in Crete--Christians suffocated in one by the Turks--Lamorciere in Algeria. . . . . . CHAPTER IV CLIFF REFUGES Distinction between souterrain and cliff refuges--How these latter were reached--Gazelles--Peuch Saint Sour--Story of S. Sour--The Roc d'Aucor --Exploration--How formerly reached--Boundoulaou--Riou Ferrand--Cliff refuge near Brengues--Les Mées--Fadarelles--Puy Labrousse--Soulier-de- Chasteaux--Refuges in Auvergne--Meschers--In Ariège--The Albigenses-- Caves in Derbyshire--Reynard's cave--Cotton's cave--John Cann's cave-- Elford's cave on Sheep's Tor.... 103-116 CHAPTER V CLIFF CASTLES. THE ROUTIERS The seigneural castle--Protection sought against the foes without and against the peasant in revolt--Instance of the Château Les Eyzies-- Independence of the petty nobles--Condition of the country in France-- In Germany--Weakness of the Emperor--The Raubritter--Italy--The nobles brought into the towns--Their towers--Division of the subject-- Difference between the English manor-house and the foreign feudal castle--The English in France--The Hundred Years' War--Hopeless condition of the people--The Free Companies--How recruited--Crusade against the Albigenses--Barons no better than Routiers--Death of chivalry--Routiers were rarely Englishmen--Had no scruples as to whom they served--Disregarded treaties--The captains were Gascons or French --The nobles of the south on the English side--Nests in the rock-- Depopulation and devastation--Insolence of the Companies--Bigaroque-- Roc de Tayac--Corn--Roquefort--Brengues--The Bishop of Cahors dies there--Château du Diable at Cabrerets--Défilé des Anglais--Peyrousse-- Les Roches du Tailleur--Trosky--The scolding women--The English not forgotten in Guyenne . . . . . 117-141 CHAPTER VI CLIFF CASTLES--_Continued_