Nebular hypothesis, 232, 267. Neolithic period, 218. Nevada, correlations of rainfall, 86. New England, height of land, 111. New Mexico, rainfall, 89. New Orleans, La., rainfall and temperature, 94. New Zealand, climate, 177; tree ferns, 179. Newcomb, S., cited, 52. Nile floods, periodicity in, 245. Nitrogen, in atmosphere, 19. Niya, Chinese Turkestan, desiccation at, 66. Nocturnal cooling, changes in, 238 f. Norlind, A., cited, 100. Norsemen, route to Greenland, 26. Norse sagas, 219. North Africa, climate of, 71; Roman aqueducts in, 71. North America, at maximum glaciation, 122 ff.; emergence of lands, 193; glaciation in, 131; height of land, 111; interior sea in, 200; inundations, 196; loess in, 155; submergence of lands, 19, 21. North Atlantic Ocean, salinity, 228. North Sea, climatic stress, 98 ff.; floods around, 26, 99; rainfall, 107; storminess, 57. Northern hemisphere, earthquakes of, 294. Norway, decay, 100; temperature, 177. Novae, 247. Oceanic circulation, carbon dioxide and, 39 ff. Oceanic climate, characteristics, 103. Oceanic currents, diversion, 44; influence of land distribution, 203. Oceans, age of, 223; composition of, 223-241; deepening of, 199; salinity, 19, 223; temperature, 6, 152, 180, 226. Okada, T., cited, 224. Old Testament, temperature, 92. Orbital precessions, 27. Ordovician, climate, 266. Organic evolution, glacial fluctuations and, 26. Orion, nebulosity near, 247; stars near, 248. Orontes, 67. Osborn, H. F., cited, 216. Owens-Searles, lakes, 142. Oxus, 108. Oxygen, in atmosphere, 20, 234; in Permian, 152. Ozone, cause of, 56. Paleolithic, 216. Paleozoic, climate, 266; mountains in, 209. Palestine, change of climate, 91 f. Palms, climatic change and, 91 f.; in Ireland, 179. Palmyra, ruins of, 66. Parallaxes of stars, 276 f. Patrician center, 134. Peat-bog period, first, 218. Penck, A., cited, 139, 156, 157, 158, 269. Pennsylvanian, life of, 26. Periodicities, 245 f. Periodicity, of climatic phenomena, 60 f.; of glaciation, 268; of sunspots, 243. Permian, climate, 266; distribution of glaciation, 152; glaciation, 60, 144, *145, 226; glaciation and mountains, 45; life of, 26; red beds, 151; temperature, 146 f. Perry, cited, 289. Persia, lakes, 143; rainfall, 89. Pettersson, O., cited, 98 ff., 100 f., 103, 106, 219. Pirsson, L. V., cited, 3, 196. Planetary hypothesis, 253, 267. Planetary nebulae, 252. Planets, and sunspots, 243; effect of star on, 255; sunspot cycle and, 62; temperatures, 8 f. Plants, climate and, 1 f.; effect of light, 184 ff. Pleion, defined, 29. Pleionian migrations, 29 f. Pleistocene, climate, 266; duration of, 48; glaciation, 110 ff.; ice sheets, *123.