Knott, C. G., cited, 294, 295, 297, 299, 304, 306. Knowlton, F. H., cited 167, 169, 170, 212, 232. Koeppen, W., 47, 52, 140. Krakatoa, glaciation and, 48; volcanic hypothesis and, 45. Kruemmel, O., cited, 224, 228. Kullmer, C. J., cited, 113, 115, 128; map of storminess, *54. _Kungaspegel_, sea routes described, 106. Labor, price in England, 102. Labradorean center of glaciation, 113. Lahontan, Lake, 142. Lake strands, _see_ Strands. Lake Superior, lava, 211. Lakes, during glacial periods, 141 f.; in semi-arid regions, 60; of Great Basin, 126; ruins in, 97. Land, and water, climatic effect of, 196 ff.; distribution of, 200, form of, 43 ff.; range of temperature and, 196. Lavas, climatic effect of, 211. Lawson, A. C., cited, 310. Lebanon, cedars of, 83. Leiter, H., cited, 71. Leverett, F., cited, 271. Life, atmosphere and, 229 f.; chemical characteristic of, 12; effect of salinity, 225; of glacial period, 127; persistence of forms, 230. Light, effect of atmosphere on, 236; effect on plants, 184 ff.; ultra-violet, storminess and, 56; variation of, 275. Litorina sea, 218. Loess, date of, 156 ff.; origin of, 155, 165. Lop Nor, rise of, 104; swamps, 171. Lows, and glacial lobes, 122; movements of, 126; see Storms and Cyclones. Lulan, 104. Lull, R. S., cited, 5, 188. MacDougal, D. T., cited, 171. McGee, W. J., cited, 156. Macmillan, W. D., cited, 191. Magdalenian period, 216. Magnetic fields of sunspots, 56. Magnetic poles, relation to storm tracks, 150. Makran, climate, 89; rainfall, 89. Malay Archipelago, earthquakes of, 296. Mallet, R., cited, 288. Malta, rainfall, 86. Manson, M., cited, 147. Mayas, civilization, 26; ruins, 95. Mayence, flood at, 99. Mazelle, E., cited, 224. Mediterranean, climate of, 72; rainfall records, 86; storminess in, 60. Mercury, and sunspots, 243. Mesozoic, climate, 266; crustal changes, 286; emergence of lands, 287. Messier, 8; variables, 248. Metcalf, M. M., cited, 202. Meteorological factors and earthquakes, 300 f. Meteorological hypothesis of crustal movements, 294. Meteors, and sun's heat, 13, 246. Michelson, A. A., cited, 259. Middle Silurian, fauna in Alaska, 287. Mild climates, _see_ Climates, mild. Milky Way, 252. Mill, H. R., cited, 228. Milne, J., cited, 288, 290, 294, 304, 306. Miocene, crustal changes, 287. Mississippi Basin, loess in, 159. Mogul emperor, and famine, 104. Monsoons, character of, 146; direction of, 208; Indian famines and, 105. Moulton, F. R., cited, 13, 258, 269. Mountain building, climatic changes and, *25. Mountains, folding of, 190; rainfall, on, 208. Multiple stars, 252. Nansen, F., cited, 122, 174. Naples, rainfall, 86. Nathorst, cited, 169. Nebulae, 247.