Syrian Desert, ruins in, 66. Talbert, cited, 213. Tarim Basin, red beds, 151. Tarim Desert, desiccation, 66. Tarim River, swamps, 171. Taylor, G., cited, 140, 144, 191, 271. Temperature, change of in Atlantic, 174; changes in, 93; climatic change and, 49; critical, 9; geological time and, 3; glacial period, 38; glaciation and, 42, 132, 139; gradient of earth, 213; of ocean, 180; in Norway, 177; in Permian, 146 f.; in Proterozoic, 146 f.; limits, 6 ff.; precipitation and, 94; range of, 3, 8; solar activity and, 140; storminess and, 94, 112, 173; sunspots and, 28, 173; volcanic eruptions and, 46; zones, 172. Terrestial causes of climatic changes, 188-214. Tertiary, lava, 211. Thames, frozen, 98. Thermal solar hypothesis, 49 f., 97. Thermo-pleion, movements of, 30. Thesis, of pulsations, 24. Thiryu, storm-flood, 99. Tian-Shan Mountains, irrigation in, 71. Tidal action of stars, 249. Tidal effect, of Jupiter, 253; of planets, 244. Tidal hypothesis, 251. Tidal retardation, effect on land and sea, 191; rotation of earth and, 18 f.; stress caused by, 310. Tides, cycles of, 219. Time, geological, _see_ Geological time. Toads, distribution of, 202. Tobacco plant, effect of light, 184. Topography, and glaciation, 132. Transcaspian Basin, red beds, 151. Tree ferns, in New Zealand, 179. Tree growth, periodicity in, 245; rainfall and, 79. Trees, in California, 219; measurement of, 73 ff. Triassic, climate, 266. Trifid Nebula, variables, 248. Trondheim, wheat in, 101. Trondhenaes, corn in, 101. Tropical cyclones, in glacial epochs, 140 f.; occurrence, 148; solar activity and, 113. Tropical hurricanes, earthquakes and, 300; sunspots and, 149. Turfan, temperature, 17. Turner, H. H., cited, 245. Tyler, J. M., cited, 216. Tyndall, J., cited, 36, 37. Typhoon region, "earthquake weather," 298. Typhoons, occurrence, 300. United States, rainfall and temperature in Gulf region, 93 f.; salt lakes in, 142; southwestern, climate, 66; storminess, 53 f., 60. Variables, 247. Veeder, M. A., cited, 300. Vegetation, theory of pulsations and, 90. Venus, atmosphere of, 236. Vesterbygd, invasion of, 106. Vicksburg, Miss., rainfall and temperature, 93 f. Volcanic activity, climate and, 210; movement of the earth's crust and, 285; times of uplifting lands and, 23. Volcanic dust, climatic changes and, 97. Volcanic hypothesis, climatic change and, 45 ff.; snow line, 139. Volcanoes, activity of, 96. Volga, 108. Walcott, C. D., cited, 4, 230. Wandering of the pole, 302. Water, importance, 9. Water vapor, condensation of, 56; effect on life, 231; in atmosphere, 19. Wave, effect on movement of water, 176. Weather, changes of, 31 f.; origin of, 174; variations, 52.