Butt cleavage in bituminous mines, 194. Butty, 114. Calamites, 17. Candles, use of, in mines, 162. Cannel coal, 6, 13. Carbondale Mines, fall in, 140. Carboniferous age, 3. Carboniferous era, animal life of, 18. Carboniferous plants, 14–16. Carriage in shaft, 90. Cartridge, how made and used, 117. Cave holes, 137. Cenozoic time, 4. Chain pillars, 109. Chamber, car track in, 103; description of, 100; length of, 102; scene at face of, 131. Charcoal, process of formation, 10. Charles, John, 50. Chest, miner’s, 120. Choke damp, 169. Cist, Charles, 48. Cist, Jacob, 52, 58. Coal, classification of, 7; originally all bituminous, 12; origin of, 8; production, by corporations, 70; specific gravity of, what is it? 6. Coal dust, explosive quality of, 172. Coal lands, division of, 69; investments in, 68; leasing of, 71; value of, 70. Coal mining by corporations, 72. Coal plants, age of, 3. Coal seams, number and thickness of, 22, 23. Coal-waste, heaps of, 191. Conglomerate, 76. Conifers, 17. Corve, in British coal mines, 205. Cost of different methods of entry, 92. Counter-gangway, 105. Crahan, Martin, story of, 220. Creeping pillars, 136. Creuzot Mine, accident at, 170. Crop falls, 139. Cross-headings, 95. Crowbar, miner’s tool, 121. Crust of earth, subsidence of, etc., 24. “Cry of the Children,” Mrs. Browning’s, 207. Culm, its disposition and use, 190. Curr, John, 90. Davy, Sir Humphrey, experiments of, 162. Decapitation of coal seams, 29. Delaware and Hudson gravity railroad, 66; canal, 66. Diamond drill, 79. Dip of strata, 29. Door boy, duties of, etc., 149, 214. Doors in mines, 149. Drainage in mines, 154. Drift, as a mode of entry, 80. Drilling, by diamond drill, 79; by hand, 78; by rope method, 78; by spring pole method, 78. Drill, machine hand, 116; miner’s, 116. Driver boss, his duties, etc., 113. Driver boy, duties of, etc., 113, 210, 213. Dump shute bars in breaker, 185. Eagle Shaft, disaster at, 168. Early mining methods, 94. Eastern middle coal field, 33. Electricity in breakers, 217; in mines, 105, 122, 127, 213. Enaliosaurs, 20. Entrances in mines, 101. Entries in bituminous mines, 195, 196. Evans, Oliver, 52. Experiments with anthracite, 52, 53. Face cleavage in bituminous mines, 194. Face of chamber, 101. Falls of roof and coal, 125, 135. Fan for ventilation, 151. Fault in strata, 26. Felling Colliery, disaster at, 162. Fell, Judge Jesse, 53. Females in British coal mines, 206. Ferns of coal era, 16. Fire boss, duties of, etc., 112, 166.