Fire damp, characteristics of, 160; explosions of, 161; in abandoned workings, 166. Fishes, age of, 3; of Carboniferous age, 19. Fissures in strata, 26. Flanigan, John, 94. Flowers in Carboniferous age, 21. Gangways, beginning of, 95; description of, 97; direction of, 98; driving, 113; length of, 104; walking in, 129. Gases not confined to coal measures, 159. Germany, mining of coal in, 37. Ginther, Philip, 47. Girls in British coal mines, 205. Gore, Obadiah, experiments of, 45. Graff, Frederick, 52. Great Summit Mine, 57. Guibal, inventor of fan, 152. Guides in shaft, 90. Hammer, miner’s, 121. Head-frame at mouth of shaft, 177. Health of mine workers, 153. Hennepin, Father, explorer, 38. Hillegas, Michael, 48. Hoisting apparatus at shaft, 177. Hollenback, Colonel George M., 56. Horsebacks in coal seams, 28. Hosie, John, adventure of, 145. Hurrier in British mines, 205. Inclined planes in mines, 105. Indians, coal known to, 37, 43, 44. Inside slopes, 106. Invertebrates, age of, 3. Investments in coal lands, 68. Jenkins, Henry, 180. Laborers, duties of, etc., 114, 122. Lackawanna region, early coal trade in, 65. Lagging, its use, etc., 82. Lamp, miner’s, 121. Laplace, astronomer, 1. Lehigh coal, early trade in, 57, 58, 62. Lepidodendrids, 17. Leschot, inventor, 79. Lift mining, 85, 107. Light carbureted hydrogen, 159. Lignite, 6, 11. Loading place in breaker, 189. Localities in which coal is found, 31, 32. Locomotives in mines, 199. London, burning of coal in, 36. Long wall mining system, 110. Loyalsock coal field, 31. Lump coal, bituminous, 202. Machine for mining soft coal, 197. Mammals, age of, 4, 12. Man, age of, 4. Marsh gas, composition of, etc., 160. Mellen and Bishop, experimenters, 64. Mesozoic time, 4. Mine, anthracite, number of employees in, 112. Mine boss, duties, etc., 112. Mine car, 123. Mine, darkness in a, 133; in an abandoned, 134; silence in a deserted, 132. Mine law of 1870 and 1885, 208. Miner, Charles, 58. Miner, appearance of, 227; character and ambition of, 230; clothing of, 228; duties of, etc., 114, 122, 124; home and outside occupation of, 226; nativity of, 228. Mines, flooding of, 156. Miocene period, 12. Mules in mines, 212. Nanticoke, accident at, 157. Nebular Hypothesis, 1. Needle, miner’s, 117. Newcastle, carrying coals to, 37. Nobles, David, hunter, 65. Northern coal field, 33. Nut coal, bituminous, 202. Open quarry mining, 80. Outcrop of strata, 29, 75. Paleozoic time, 3. Pannier women in British mines, 205.