taking advantage of Nature's own resources--by studying the chemical properties of atoms, and giving scope to the play of the internal forces which they inherently possess-- "Yet Nature is made better by no mean, But Nature makes that mean: so, o'er that art, Which, you say, adds to Nature, is an art That Nature makes." The story told in this chapter is chronologically summarized below-- 1820. Naphthalene discovered in coal-tar by Garden. 1832. Anthracene discovered in coal-tar by Dumas and Laurent. 1834. Phenol discovered in coal-tar by Runge. 1842. Picric acid prepared from phenol by Laurent; manufactured in Manchester in 1862. 1845. Benzidine discovered by Zinin. 1859. Corallin and aurin discovered by Kolbe and Schmitt and by Persoz; leading to manufacture from oxalic acid and phenol. 1860. Synthesis of salicylic acid by Kolbe. 1864. Manchester yellow discovered by Martius, leading to manufacture of alpha-naphthylamine and then to alpha-naphthol. 1867. Magdala red discovered by Schiendl. 1868. Synthesis of alizarin by Graebe and Liebermann, leading to the utilization of anthracene, caustic soda, potassium chlorate and bichromate, and calling into existence the manufacture of fuming sulphuric acid. 1870. Gallein, the first of the phthaleins, discovered by A. v. Baeyer, followed in 1871 by coerulein, and in 1874 by the eosin dyes (Caro). These discoveries necessitated the manufacture of phthalic acid and resorcinol. 1873. Orthochromatic photography discovered by Vogel. 1876. Azo-dyes from the naphthols introduced by Roussin and Poirrier and Witt, leading to the manufacture of the naphthols, sulphanilic acid, &c. 1877. Preparation of quinone from aniline by Nietzki, utilized in photography in 1880 for manufacture of hydroquinone. 1878. Disulpho-acids of beta-naphthol introduced by Meister, Lucius, and Bruening, leading to azo-dyes from aniline, toluidine, xylidine, and cumidine. 1879. Acid naphthol yellow introduced by Caro. " Biebrich scarlet, the first secondary azo-colour, introduced by Nietzki. " Nitroso-sulpho acid of beta-naphthol discovered by the writer; followed in 1883 by naphthol green (O. Hoffmann), and in 1889 by eikonogen (Andresen). " Beta-naphthol violet, the first of the oxazines, discovered by the writer; followed in 1881 by gallocyanin. " Coal-tar saccharin discovered by Fahlberg; manufacture made practicable in 1884. 1880. Synthesis of indigo by A. v. Baeyer. " Quinoline synthesised by Skraup's process. 1881. Kairine introduced by O. Fischer, the first artificial febrifuge. " Indophenol discovered by Koechlin and Witt. " Azo-dyes from new sulpho-acid of beta-naphthol introduced by Bayer & Co.