We have yet to chronicle another chapter in the history of coal philosophy before finishing with this part of the subject. There is a branch of manufacture carried on, especially in Scotland, which results in the production of burning and lubricating oils, and solid paraffin, a wax-like substance which is used for candle-making. The manufacture of candles out of coal will perhaps be a new revelation to many readers of this book. It must be admitted, however, that the term "coal" is here being extended to only partially fossilized vegetation of younger geological age than true coal, and to bituminous shales of various ages. Shale, geologically considered, is hardened mud; it may be looked upon as clay altered by time and pressure. Now if the mud, at the period of its deposition, was much mixed up with vegetable matter, we should have in course of time a mixture of more or less carbonized woody fibre with mineral matter, and this would be called a carbonaceous or bituminous shale. Shales of this kind often contain as much as 80 to 90 per cent. of mineral matter, and seldom more than 20 per cent. of volatile matter, _i.e._ the portion lost on ignition, and consisting chiefly of the carbonaceous constituents. The story of the shale-oil industry is soon told. About the year 1847 oil was "struck" in a coal mine at Alfreton in Derbyshire, and in the hands of Mr. James Young this supply furnished the market with burning-oil for nearly three years. Then the spring became exhausted, and Mr. Young and his associates had to look out for another source of oil. Be it remembered that this happened some nine years before the utilization of the great American petroleum deposits. Many kinds of vegetable matter were submitted to destructive distillation before a substance was found which could be profitably worked, but at length Mr. Young tried a kind of cannel coal which had about that time been introduced for gas making. This substance was called Boghead gas coal or Torbane Hill mineral, from the place where it occurred, which is at Bathgate in Linlithgow. This mineral was found to yield a large amount of paraffin oil and solid paraffin on destructive distillation, and from that time (1850) to this, the industry has been carried on at Bathgate and other parts of Scotland, where similar carbonaceous deposits occur.