It is in his "Ode on the Departing Year" (1796) that Coleridge seems for
the first time to discover his own full power, but the classical
top-hamper accompanying it shows that the limitations upon freedom of
expression are still there. The poem is preceded by a quotation from the
"Agamemnon" of Æschylus, and when published in a small quarto pamphlet
held dedicatory letter to Tom Poole, into which a long quotation from
Statius forces unwelcome way. Capital letters, quotations, italics,
notes of exclamation were ever to the fore in the early days of the
nineteenth century. But 1797-8 brought some of the finest lines the poet
has given us. "The Three Graves" has much that one is pleased to
remember, and the lines addressed to Charles Lamb--"This Lime Tree Bower
my Prison," and referred to with a quotation in a previous chapter, show
keen appreciation of Nature and natural beauty. Reference has been made
elsewhere in this little paper to the limited response that Coleridge
shows to his surroundings, but this poem shows that he was not quite
oblivious of them. One cannot help feeling that the inspiration came
suddenly and unexpectedly, born of compulsory solitude and the fine June
evening; the limited appeal of Nature to the poet is shown by the fact
that the poem was omitted from the 1803 edition of his work, and that,
in the lines near the end, "My Sarah and my friends" was substituted
for "My gentle-hearted Charles," rather to Elia's annoyance.
Of the famous "Kubla Khan" fragment, written in a lonely farm-house
between Porlock and Linton, on the Exmoor confines of Somerset and
Devonshire, it has been pointed out that opium was in all probability
the source of inspiration. The poet had been reading a passage from
_Purchas his Pilgrimage_--it runs as follows:
"In Xamdu did Cublai Can build a stately Palace, encompassing
sixteene miles of plaine ground within a wall wherein are fertile
Meadowes, pleasant Springs, delightfull Streames, and all sorts of
beasts of chase and game, and in the middle thereof a sumptuous
house of pleasure."
Coleridge used to recite his strange fragment to Lamb, who told
Wordsworth that it brought Heaven and Elysian bowers into his parlour,
but added in the same letter his fear lest in the light of cold print it
should appear "no better than nonsense."
There is a clear suggestion of transient force behind the lines. For
example, we read in the beginning (lines 3-5):
"Where Alph the sacred river ran
Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea."
And in line 18:
"A mighty fountain momently was forced."
Then in line 27 the poet harks back to an earlier image:
"Then reached the caverns measureless to man";
while earlier in line 24 he reverts to the ill-conditioned adverb of his
18th line:
"It flung up momently the sacred river."
But, as was suggested earlier, the explanation of "Kubla Khan" may be
found in its last two lines:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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