of opposites.") In other words it is a conflict of wills, bringing about the neurotic condition of "disharmony within the self." This condition is the only "splitting of the psyche" known to us, and is not so much to be regarded as a predisposing cause, but rather as a manifestation resulting from the inner conflict--the "incompatibility of the complex" (Riklin). _Resistance_, as the fundamental fact of schizophrenic dissociation, thus becomes something which, in contra-distinction to ambivalency, is not _eo ipso_ identical with the concept of the state of feeling, but is a secondary and supplementary one, with its own special and _quasi_ independent psychological development; and this is identical with the necessary previous history of the complex in every case. It follows that the theory of negativism coincides with the theory of the complex, as the complex is the cause of the resistance. Bleuler summarises the causes of negativism as follows: (_a_) The autistic retirement of the patient into his own phantasies. (_b_) The existence of a life-wound (complex) which must be protected from injury. (_c_) The misconception of the environment and of its meaning. (_d_) The directly hostile relation to environment. (_e_) The pathological irritability of schizophrenics. (_f_) The "press of ideas," and other aggravations of action and thought. (_g_) Sexuality with its ambivalency on the emotional plane is often one of the roots of negative reaction. * * * * * (_a_) Autistic withdrawal into one's own phantasies[170] is what I formerly designated as the obvious overgrowth of the phantasies of the complex. The strengthening of the complex is coincident with the increase of the resistance. (_b_) The life-wound (_Lebenswund_) is the complex which, as a matter of course, is present in every case of schizophrenia, and of necessity always carries with it the phenomena of autism or auto-erotism (introversion), for complexes and involuntary egocentricity are inseparable reciprocities. Points (_a_) and (_b_) are therefore identical. (_Cf._ "Psychology of Dementia Præcox," chapters ii. and iii.) (_c_) It is proved that the misconception of environment is an assimilation of the complex. (_d_) The hostile relation to environment is the maximum of resistance as psychoanalysis clearly shows. (_d_) goes with (_a_). (_e_) "Irritability" proves itself psychoanalytically to be one of the commonest results of the complex. I designated it _complex-sensibility_. Its generalised form (if one may use such an expression) manifests itself as a damming up of the affect (= damming of the _libido_), consequent on increased resistance. So-called neurasthenia is a classical example of this.