COLOR STANDARDS AND COLOR NOMENCLATURE RIDGWAY [Illustration: Color Wheel] FIFTY-THREE COLORED PLATES ELEVEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN NAMED COLORS COLOR STANDARDS AND COLOR NOMENCLATURE BY ROBERT RIDGWAY, M.S., C.M.Z.S., Etc. Curator of the Division of Birds, United States National Museum. With Fifty-three Colored Plates and Eleven Hundred and Fifteen Named Colors. WASHINGTON. D. C. 1912. Published by the Author. Copyright, 1912 by Robert Ridgway PRESS OF A. HOEN & COMPANY BALTIMORE, MD TO Señor Don JOSÉ C. ZELEDÓN OF SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA True and steadfast friend for more than two-score years; host, guide, and companion on excursions among the glorious forests, magnificent mountains, and lovely plains of his native land; whose encouragement made possible the completion of a seemingly hopeless task, this book is affectionately and gratefully dedicated. PREFACE The motive of this work is THE STANDARDIZATION OF COLORS AND COLOR NAMES. The terminology of Science, the Arts, and various Industries has been a most important factor in the development of their present high efficiency. Measurements, weights, mathematical and chemical formulæ, and terms which clearly designate practically every variation of form and structure have long been standardized; but the nomenclature of colors remains vague and, for practical purposes, meaningless, thereby seriously impeding progress in almost every branch of industry and research.