Clans give color, variety, and interest to the life of the
tribe, [but are] not thought of in ordinary personal relations.
They are only an ornamental excrescence upon society, whose
warp is the family of actual blood relations and whose woof is
the house.... House-life, house-ownership, economic status,
matrilinear reckoning, clan-organization and functions, the
type of marriage and divorce, are all in direct conflict with
both theory and practice of corresponding Spanish, Mexican,
English and Catholic institutions, and yet maintain themselves
to-day,
from which he concludes that European contact had no important influence
upon Zuñi kinship, or, by inference, upon any other Pueblo community.
The children belong to the mother’s clan, and marriage within that
clan is forbidden. Though permitted within the clan of the father, it
is disapproved. A reason for this as given to Dr. Parsons was that
the children born of such union are never as strong as when diverse
clans are mingled. The family organization among all Pueblos tends
toward a compound type, consisting of as many as three generations. The
young children are much in the care of the old people, especially of
grandparents, by which division of labor the parents are released for
their active toil in the fields or at their crafts. One sees in such a
village as Ácoma quite little girls carrying far too heavy babies in a
blanket on their backs, but one is told that there the men frequently
carry the little children, which is not a usual pueblo custom.
There are no terms in Keresan for son or daughter, the words child, boy,
girl, being used instead. Ácoma distinguishes according to sex but not
according to age in expressing relationships between brother and sister.
There is no specific terminology for relatives by marriage, but such
exists for “cross-cousins,” that is, the children of a blood brother and
sister. Dr. Parsons says that “Ácoma kinship terms correspond closely to
Laguna,” but that brother-and-sister terms are applied in Ácoma to all
cousins, which is not the common usage, though it is done at Zuñi. She
has compiled elaborate tables for kin- and clanship at Laguna, in which
Ácoma is frequently alluded to, and has included one long table of Ácoma
terms.[144] Kroeber likewise gives a table of Ácoma-Laguna kinship-terms,
compiled by himself, some of which he considers “not only not European,
but far more extreme than Zuñi,” although the “generic resemblance of
Keres to Hano and Zuñi is preserved.”
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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