_School of infancy_—Circumstances under which written—View of childhood—Conception of infant education. Physical training—Care of the body—The child’s natural nurse—Food—Sleep—Play and exercise. Mental training—Studies which furnish the symbols of thought—Nature study—Geography—History—Household economy—Stories and fables—Principle of activity—Drawing—Arithmetic—Geometry—Music—Language—Poetry. Moral and religious training—Examples—Instruction—Discipline—Some virtues to be taught—Character of formal religious instruction 109 CHAPTER VIII STUDY OF LANGUAGE Dominance of Latin in the seventeenth century—Methods of study characterized by Comenius. The _Janua_—Purpose and plan—Its success. _Atrium_ and _Vestibulum_—Their relation to the _Janua_. The _Orbis pictus_—Its popularity—Use of pictures. _Methodus novissima_—Principles of language teaching—Function of examples—Place of oral and written language in education 123 CHAPTER IX INFLUENCE OF COMENIUS ON MODERN EDUCATORS Francke—Early educational undertakings—The institution at Halle—Character of the Pædagogium—Impulse given to modern education. Rousseau—The child the centre of educational schemes—Sense training fundamental—Order and method of nature to be followed. Basedow—Protests against traditional methods—Influenced by the _Émile_—His educational writings—The Philanthropinum. Pestalozzi—Love the key-note of his system—Domestic education—Education of all classes and sexes—The study of nature—Impulse given to the study of geography. Fröbel—His relations to Comenius and Pestalozzi—Educational value of play and principle of self-activity—Women as factors in education. Herbart—Assimilation of sense-experience—Training in character—Doctrine of interest 142 CHAPTER X PERMANENT INFLUENCE OF COMENIUS General neglect of Comenius during the eighteenth century—Causes—Intrenchment of humanism—Summary of the permanent reforms of Comenius—Revived interest in his teachings—National Comenian pedagogical library at Leipzig—The Comenius Society—Reviews published for the dissemination of the doctrines of Comenius—Conquest of his ideas 165 APPENDICES I. TABLE OF DATES 173 II. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 175 INDEX 181 COMENIUS CHAPTER I EUROPEAN EDUCATION IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY