Comets and Meteors: Their phenomena in all ages; their mutual relations; and the theory of their origin. — John Shaqi
Comets and Meteors: Their phenomena in all ages; their mutual relations; and the theory of their origin.Kirkwood, Daniel
Science
Comets and Meteors: Their phenomena in all ages; their mutual relations; and the theory of their origin.
Kirkwood, Daniel
Comets; Meteors
The probability that these meteors are derived from a ring which
intersects the earth's orbit, was first suggested by Arago in 1836. A
comparison of dates led Herrick to designate 27 years as the probable
period of the cluster. In the _Astronomische Nachrichten_, No. 1632, Dr.
Weiss called attention to the fact that the orbit of the first comet of
1861 very nearly intersects that of the earth, in longitude 210°--the
point passed by the latter at the epoch of the April meteoric shower. A
relation between the meteors and the comet, indicating an approximate
equality of periods, was thus suggested as probable. But the comet,
according to Oppolzer, does not complete a revolution in less than 415
years. If, therefore, the meteoric period is nearly the same, the known
dates of star-showers indicate a diffusion of meteoroids around one half
of the orbit previous to the display of the year 15 B.C. No subsequent
perturbation, then, of a particular _part_ could sensibly effect the
general orbit of the stream. The infrequency of the display renders,
therefore, the hypothesis of a long period extremely improbable.
The entire interval between 687 B.C. and A.D. 1803 is 2490 years, or 92
periods of 27.0652 years; and the known dates are all satisfied by the
following scheme:
B.C. 687 to B.C. 15 .. 672 years = 25 periods of 26.8800 _y._ each.
15 to A.D. 582 .. 597 " = 22 " 27.1363 "
A.D. 582 to 1095 .. 513 " = 19 " 27.0000 "
1095 to 1122 .. 27 " = 1 " 27.0000 "
1122 to 1803 .. 681 " = 25 " 27.2400 "
With a period of 27 years, the perihelion being interior to the earth's
orbit, the aphelion distance of the meteors would be very nearly equal
to the distance of Uranus. The next shower, if the assumed period be
correct, ought to occur about 1884. It is worthy of remark that near the
time of the last (hypothetical) return Mr. Du Chaillu witnessed the
meteors of this epoch, in considerable numbers, in the interior of
Africa.
The Meteors of December 12.
Meteoric showers have occurred about the 12th of December in the
following years:
1. A.D. 901. "The whole hemisphere was filled with those meteors called
falling-stars from midnight till morning, to the great surprise of the
beholders in Egypt."
2. In 930 a remarkable shower of falling stars was observed in China.
3. Extraordinary meteoric phenomena were observed at Zurich at the same
epoch in 1571.
4. On the night of the 11th and 12th of December, 1833, a great number
of shooting-stars were seen at Parma. At the maximum as many as ten
were visible at the same time.
5. (Doubtful.) 1861, 1862, and 1863. Maximum probably in 1862. The
meteors at this return were far from being comparable in numbers with
the ancient displays. The shower, however, was distinctly observed.
R. P. Greg, Esq., of Manchester, England, says the period of December
12, 1862, was "exceedingly well defined."
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