2. CHEMICALLY AND ORGANICALLY FORMED ROCKS.—We have already learned that from a geological point of view the differences between chemical and organic deposition are not great, the process being essentially chemical in each case; and since the limestones and some other important rocks are deposited in both ways, it is evidently not only unnatural, but frequently impossible, to separate the chemically from the organically formed rocks. Unlike the fragmental rocks, the rocks of this division not only admit, but require, a chemical classification. This is natural because they are of chemical origin; and it is practicable because, with few exceptions, only one class of minerals is deposited at the same time in the same place,—a very convenient and important fact. Therefore our arrangement will be mineralogical, thus:— (1) Coal Group. (2) Iron-ore Group. (3) Siliceous Group. (4) Calcareous Group. (5) Metamorphic Group (Silicates). Most of the silicate rocks are mixed, _i.e._, are each composed of several minerals; but some silicate rocks and all the rocks of the other divisions are simple, each species consisting of a single mineral only. (1) _Coal Group._—These are entirely of organic origin, and include two allied series, which are always merely the more or less extensively transformed tissues of plants or animals; viz.:— Coals and Bitumens.—At the first lesson we examined a sample of peat (specimen 8), and considered the general conditions of its formation, peat being in every instance simply partially decayed marsh vegetation. It was also stated that, as during the lapse of time the transformation becomes more complete, the peat is changed in succession to _lignite_, _bituminous coal_, _anthracite_, and _graphite_. The coals, indeed, make a very beautiful and perfect series, whether we consider the composition—there being a gradual, progressive change from the composition of ordinary woody fibre in the newest peat to the pure carbon in graphite,—or the degree of consolidation and mineralization—since there is a gradual passage from the light, porous peat, showing distinctly the vegetable forms, to the heavy crystalline graphite, bearing no trace of its vegetable origin. This relation is easily appreciated by a child, if a proper series of specimens is presented. The coals also make a chronological series, graphite and anthracite occurring only in the older formations, and lignite and peat in the newer, while bituminous coal is found in formations of intermediate age. Bituminous coal is the typical, the representative coal; and from a good specimen of this variety we may learn two important facts:— (1) That true coals, no less than peat, are of vegetable origin. To see this we must look at the flat or charcoal surfaces of the coal. These soil the fingers like charcoal, and usually show the vegetable forms distinctly.