FIG. 1. Laurel leaf, transverse section 2. Starch, Wheat 3. Do. from Pudding 4. Do. Potato 5. Outer Skin, Capsicum pod 6. Starch, Parsnip 7. Do. Arrow Root, West Indian 8. Do. “Tousles Mois” 9. Do. in cell of Potato 10. Do. Indian Corn 11. Do. Sago 12. Do. Tapioca 13. Root, Yellow Water-Lily 14. Starch, Rice 15. Do. Horsebean 16. Do. Oat 17. Pollen, Snowdrop 18. Do. Wallflower 19. Do. Willow Herb, a pollen tube 20. Do. Violet 21. Do. Musk Plant 22. Do. Apple 23. Do. Dandelion 24. Do. Sowthistle 25. Do. Lily 26. Do. Heath 27. Do. Heath, another species 28. Pollen, Furze 29. Do. Tulip 30. Petal, Pelargonium 31. Do. Periwinkle 32. Do. Golden Balsam 33. Do. Snapdragon 34. Do. Primrose 35. Do. Scarlet Geranium 36. Pollen, Crocus 37. Do. Hollyhock 38. Fruit, Galium, Goosegrass 39. A hook of ditto more magnified 40. Seed, Red Valerian 41. Portion of Parachute of same, more magnified 42. Seed, Foxglove 43. Do. Sunspurge 44. Parachute, Dandelion seed 45. Seed, Dandelion 46. Do. Hair of Parachute 47. Do. Yellow Snapdragon 48. Do. Mullein 49. Do. Robin Hood 50. Do. Bur-reed 51. Do. Willow Herb 52. Do. Musk Mallow [Illustration: III.] On focusing with great care, the surface of each granule will be seen to be covered with very minute dark lines, arranged in a manner which can be readily comprehended from Fig. 4, which represents two granules of potato starch as they appear when removed from the cell in which they took their origin. All the lines evidently refer to the little dark spots at the end of the granule, called technically the “hilum,” and represent the limits of successive layers of material deposited one after another. The lines in question are very much better seen if the substage condenser be used with a small central stop, so as to obtain partial dark-field illumination. Otherwise they are often very difficult of detection. In the earliest stages of their growth the starch granules appear to be destitute of these markings, or at all events they are so few and so delicate as not to be visible even with the most perfect instruments, and it is not until the granules assume a comparatively large size that the external markings become distinctly perceptible.