The Origin of Mountains 109 Volcanic Forces. Deposits from Water. Geography and Geology. Lowlands 114 Limits of Lowland. The Polar Flat Regions. America, Africa, and Australia, the Continents of Lowlands. The Middle European Lowland 119 General Description. The Origin of the Great Central European Plain 122 General Remarks. The Ponto-Caspian Plain, the Great Depression of the Old World 126 General Description. The Origin of the Ponto-Caspian Depression 132 General Remarks. The Depression of the Jordan Valley and of the Dead Sea 138 Description. The Bitter Lakes of the Suez Isthmus 142 The Altitude in Relation to the Sea Level. The Regions of Transition between Highlands and Lowlands. The River Systems of the Globe 144 General Remarks. Terrace Lands and Rivers in their General Character 144 Terrace Lands. Rivers. Their Individuality. Water-sheds. Territory watered. Falls. Rivers more closely considered 150 Direction. Water-sheds. District drained. River Valleys. Upper Course of Rivers 154 General Descriptive Remarks. Middle Course of Rivers 158 General Descriptive Remarks. Lower Course of Rivers 163 General Descriptive Remarks. River’s Mouth. Navigation of Rivers. Sinuosity of Rivers: its Influence on Civilization. Sources. Double Streams. Cross Streams. Weak and Strong Currents. Review 177 The Historical Influence of Plateaus. The Influence of River Systems on Civilization. The European Terrace Lands. The Danube Terraces. PART THIRD. The Configuration of the Continents 183 Teleology of the Earth’s Structure. Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions. Articulation. Strabo on the Articulation of Europe. The Superficial Dimensions and Articulation of the Continents 188 Africa. Asia. Europe. The European Triangle. The Articulation of Europe. Its Extremities. Its Relation to the other Continents. Its Historical Function. Its complete preparation for the place assigned to it. Islands 203 European Islands. African Islands. Asiatic Islands. Polynesia. Concentration and Dismemberment. Europe. The Results of the above Considerations briefly stated 210 Review of the Old World.