and ask my advice, I say: Read one of these--_Underground Russia_, by Stepniak; or _Memoirs of a Revolutionist_, by Kropotkin.[52] In 1902 he wrote _Modern Science and Anarchism_, a booklet of about one hundred pages which is much admired and extensively advertised by the anarchists. By far his most important work of recent years is, _Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution_.[53] His contention is that in progressive evolution, mutual aid plays a greater part than mutual struggle. He claims that most Darwinians have misinterpreted Darwin's ideas. For an able analysis of this great book, see the review by Professor Vladimir G. Simkhovitch, (_Popular Science Quarterly_, December 1903). In 1905 appeared his _Russian Literature_[54]--a very good and useful text-book--which originated in a series of eight lectures, delivered March 1901, at the Lowell Institute in Boston. It is not perfect, but this is not the author's fault. With only three hundred pages at his disposal, it is impossible to treat all adequately, while some writers had to be omitted entirely. For example, there is not a line about the famous anti-militarist novelist, Vsevolod Garshin (1855-1888), or of Simon Nadson (1862-1887), the exquisite and melancholy poet who chanted songs not at sunrise, but in shadow and solitude, and died in youth and sadness, leaving to the Outcasts of the Ages another great name to cherish.[55] In reading this book we experience a peculiarly uneasy sensation:-- We read of Lomonosov, by far the greatest Russian of his age, whose life was broken by political persecution. We read of the moral Novikov, whom Catherine II. sentenced to serve fifteen years in a secret cell in Schusselburg. We read of Labzin, who wrote against corruption, and consequently was forced to end his days in exile. We read of Radischeff--the first to point out the horrors of serfdom--who was imprisoned, deported, and died by suicide. We read of the epoch-making Pushkin who was exiled to Kishinev at twenty, and later to Mikhailovskoye, and who escaped permanent political exile in Siberia by accident. We read of the Byronic Lermontov who was banished to the Caucasus for writing a poem on the death of Pushkin. We read of Ryleev, Odoevsky, Shevchenko, Griboyedov, Pisarev, Chernishevsky, whose martyrdoms I have already mentioned. We read of the brilliant and poetic Polezhaev, who was send to the barracks when a minor and died there from consumption. We read of the popular novelist Bestuzhev, who was exiled to Siberia and then sent to the Caucasus as a soldier. We read of the great Gogol who suffered at the hands of the censorship. We read of Turgenev who was arrested and exiled to his distant estates for writing a brief obituary notice of Gogol. Had it not been for his influential friends he would have gone to Siberia.