As I began, my Lord, with making a distinction between slavery and property, and have persisted in their legal difference relatively to the state and condition of Negroes, some farther explanation on this point may perhaps be looked for and required of me. I am sensible it may objectively be said, that in every kind of slavery there is an included degree of property, more or less limited or extended; and that this kind of property therefore in Negroes is but an accumulated degree of slavery: so that the distinction I have made is a distinction without a difference, and a mere contentiousness about words. But, although I admit the truth of this objection in part, I must deny, in the whole, its application to the principles of my argument. Slavery, my Lord, is that state of subjection, which mankind, by force or otherwise, acquire _the one over the other_. In every society therefore where this state of subjection prevails, the object and subject of those laws necessary for the regulation thereof are, what? _are human nature itself_. Let it be considered then whether _human nature_ is either the object or subject of the laws of England, respecting the state and condition of Negroes. And here, my Lord, I beg leave to assert, that the appeal I have already made to those laws maintains the contrary matter of fact, with the undeniable proof of self-evidence. But it may again be urged, that authority, however respectable, is not the test of truth; and therefore, says the disputant, shew me the reason, the _Cur_, the _Quare_, the _Quamobrem_, of these laws. To which, in the language and postulate of the Greek Philosopher, I reply; that, as matter of fact is the Δὸς ϖοῦ ϛῶ of my argument, beyond this, it is not incumbent on me to extend my enquiries. And yet, my Lord, a research of this nature being perhaps founded upon no impertinent or unmeaning curiosity, the suggestions even of fancy and imagination may not be here undeserving your Lordship’s attention; and as such the subject is, in this view, of course not unworthy my notice. It being then evidently the will, it is not to be presumed, till the contrary appears, that it was the effect also of the wisdom of parliament, that Negroes under the law should not be considered as _human beings_; and therefore I am led to surmise that this determination of the Legislature might have arisen from one or the other of two motives or considerations: the one _physical_, the other _political_. With respect then to the physical motive, your Lordship need not be told how much the origin of Negroes, the cause of that remarkable difference in complexion from the rest of mankind, and the woolly covering of their heads so similar to the fleece of sheep, have puzzled and perplexed the Naturalists of all countries for ages past. It was a subject of the deepest reflection to the great and learned Mr. Boyle; and what could engage his divine abilities, without satisfaction either to himself or others, is likely to remain