[4] _Middle Ages_ (12th ed.), ii. p. 267. BIBLIOGRAPHY A View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, 1818; 2nd edition, 1819; passed through twelve editions before 1855; revised and corrected, 1868; adapted to the use of students by W. Smith, 1871; edited by A. Murray, 1872; translated into Italian by G. Carraro and published at Firenze, 1874; Supplemental Notes to View of the State of Europe, 1848. The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VIII. to Death of George II., 1827; translated into German by F. A. Rüder and published at Leipzig, 1828; translated into French by M. Guizot and published in Paris, 1832; passed through eight editions before 1855; adapted to the use of students by W. Smith, 1872. Edited (with preface and memoir of his son) Remains in Verse and Prose of A. H. Hallam, 1834, 1863. The Introduction to the Literature of Europe during the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries, 1837-1839; 2nd edition, 1843; other editions, 1854, 1855, 1881. Contributed to J. C. Hare's Vindication of Luther against his recent English assailants (2nd edition, enlarged), 1855. A Short Life and Criticism of Henry Hallam appears in F. A. M. Mignet's _Eloges Historiques_, published in Paris in 1864. TO HENRY MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE IN TOKEN OF HIGH ESTEEM AND SINCERE REGARD THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY THE AUTHOR CONTENTS CHAPTER I ON THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION FROM HENRY VII. TO MARY Ancient Government of England--Limitations of Royal Authority--Difference in the Effective Operation of these--Sketch of the State of Society and Law--Henry VII.--Statute for the Security of the Subject under a King _de facto_--Statute of Fines--Discussion of its Effect and Motive--Exactions of Money under Henry VII.--Taxes demanded by Henry VIII.--Illegal Exactions of Wolsey in 1523 and 1525--Acts of Parliament releasing the King from his Debts--A Benevolence again exacted--Oppressive Treatment of Reed--Severe and unjust Executions for Treason--Earl of Warwick--Earl of Suffolk--Duke of Buckingham--New Treasons created by Statute--Executions of Fisher and More--Cromwell --Duke of Norfolk--Anne Boleyn--Fresh Statutes enacting the Penalties of Treason--Act giving Proclamations the Force of Law--Government of Edward VI.'s Counsellors--Attainder of Lord Seymour and Duke of Somerset--Violence of Mary's Reign--The House of Commons recovers part of its independent Power in these two Reigns--Attempt of the Court to strengthen itself by creating new Boroughs--Causes of the High Prerogative of the Tudors--Jurisdiction of the Council of Star-Chamber--This not the same with the Court erected by Henry VII.--Influence of the Authority of the Star-Chamber in enhancing the Royal Power--Tendency of religious Disputes to the same End Page 7